Table 1 Summary of main features of included articles
No | References | Sample size (N) | Period of sample collectiona | Study design | Study areab | Prevalence by microscopy, n (%) | Pf, Pv, Pm, Po by microscopy, n (%) | Pk by microscopy, n (%) | Mixed infection by microscopy, n (%) | Prevalence by PCR, n (%) | Pf, Pv, Pm, Po by PCR, n (%) | Pk by PCR, n (%) | Mixed infection by PCR, n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jiram et al. [24] | 1995 | 2013–2014 | Cross-sectional | Borneo | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 145 (7.3) | 116 (80) | 9 (6.2) | 20 (13.8) |
2 | Cooper et al. c [5] | 3867 | 2015–2017 | Hospital | Borneo | 3788 (98) | 264 (7) | 3524 (93) | 0 (0) | 3580 (99.5) | 283 (7.9) | 3262 (91.1) | |
3 | Grigg et al. [32] | 852 | 2012–2016 | Hospital | Borneo | 846 (99.3) | 81 (9.6) | 7 (0.8) | |||||
4 | Grigg et al. c [33] | 872 | 2012–2016 | Hospital | Borneo | 854 (97.9) | 309 (36.2) | 529 (61.9) | 789 (97.3) | 300 (38) | 482 (61.1) | 6 (0.8) | |
5 | Jeffree et al. [34] | 470 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Borneo | 11 (2.3) | 11 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
6 | Liew et al. [35] | 3757 | 2016–2017 | Cross-sectional | Peninsular | 164 (4.4) | 164 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 43 (26.5) | 43 (100) | ||
7 | Siner et al. [25] | 3002 | 2014–2015 | Cross-sectional | Borneo | 5 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 5 (100) | 0 (0) | 9 (0.3) | 1 (11.1) | 7 (77.8) | |
8 | Grigg et al. c [36] | 414 | 2012–2015 | Cross-sectional | Borneo | 414 (100) | 412 (99.5) | 90 (21.8) | 268 (65) | 2 (0.5) | |||
9 | Mohd Abdul Razak et al. c [37] | 4257 | 2008–2009, 2011, 2014 | Cross-sectional | Borneo | 112 (2.6) | 60 (53.6) | 112 (2.6) | |||||
10 | Britton et al. c [38] | 261 | 2012 | Hospital | Borneo | 149 (57.1) | 149 (57.1) | 88 (59.1) | 56 (37.6) | 1 (0.7) | |||
11 | Stanis et al. c [28] | 129 | 2012–2013 | Hospital | Borneo | 109 (84.5) | 101 (92.7) | 6 (5.5) | 2 (1.8) | 103 (79.8) | 35 (34) | 68 (66) | |
12 | Fornace et al. 2016c [39] | 2006 | 2008–2012 | Hospital | Borneo | 1847 (100) | 1847 (1847) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 346 (100) | 33 (9.5) | 313 (90.5) | |
13 | Jiram et al. 2016 [40] | 306 | Cross-sectional | Peninsular | 113 (36.9) | 59 (52.2) | 23 (20.4) | 31 (52.5) | |||||
14 | Othman et al. c [41] | 94 | 2007–2010 | Hospital | Borneo | 94 (100) | 93 (98.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | 94 (100) | 92 (98.9) | 2 (2.1) | |
15 | Fornace et al. [23] | 1147 | 2012–2014 | Hospital | Borneo | 1 (0.1) | 206 (18) | 20 (9.7) | |||||
16 | Lee et al. [27] | 207 | 2012–2013 | Hospital | Borneo | 207 (100) | 53 (25.7) | 152 (73.4) | |||||
17 | Chua et al. [42] | 229 | 2008–2010 | Hospital | Borneo | 215 (93.9) | 214 (99.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 226 (98.7) | 185 (89.4) | 36 (15.9) | 2 (0.9) |
18 | Barber et al. [43] | 774 | 2012–2013 | Hospital | Borneo | 774 (100) | 757 (97.8) | 0 (0) | 17 (2.2) | ||||
19 | Vythilingam et al. [44] | 4353 | 2009–2013 | Hospital | Peninsular | 1284 (29.5) | 1262 (98.3) | 0 (0) | 22 (1.7) | ||||
20 | Foster et al. [45] | 84 | 2010–2011 | Hospital | Borneo | 84 (100) | 15 (17.9) | 69 (82.1) | |||||
21 | Yusof et al. c [9] | 457 | Hospital | Borneo and Peninsular | 457 (100) | 274 (60) | 181 (39.6) | 2 (0.4) | 453 (99.1) | 185 (40.8) | 256 (56.5) | 12 (2.6) | |
22 | Braima et al. [46] | 1623 | 2006–2012 | Hospital | Peninsular | 1623 (100) | 1522 (93.8) | 75 (4.6) | 26 (1.6) | ||||
23 | Goh et al. c [7] | 189 | 2008–2011 | Hospital | Borneo | 189 (100) | 186 (98.4) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.6) | 178 (94.2) | 134 (75.3) | 42 (24) | 2 (1.1) |
24 | Barber et al. c [47] | 387 | 2010–2011 | Hospital | Borneo | 387 (100) | 221 (57.1) | 150 (38.8) | 16 (4.1) | 295 (100) | 165 (55.9) | 130 (44.1) | |
25 | Barber et al. c [48] | 18,993 | 2009–2011 | Hospital | Borneo | 653 (3.4) | 558 (85.5) | 0 (0) | 95 (14.5) | 475 (97.9) | 58 (12.2) | 345 (72.3) | 48 (10.1) |
26 | Khin et al. c [49] | 445 | 2009 | Hospital | Borneo | 445 (100) | 318 (71.5) | 0 (0) | 25 (5.6) | 343 (100) | 256 (74.6) | 87 (25.4) | |
27 | Norahmad et al. [50] | 619 | 2008–2009 | Hospital | Borneo | 58 (9.4) | 31 (53.4) | ||||||
28 | William et al. c [51] | 78 | 2007–2009 | Hospital | Borneo | 78 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 63 (100) | 2 (3.2) | 56 (88.9) | 5 (7.9) |
29 | Barber et al. c [52] | 220 | 2009 | Hospital | Borneo | 220 (100) | 184 (83.6) | 0 (0) | 36 (16.4) | 155 (96.3) | 9 (5.8) | 127 (81.9) | 12 (7.7) |
30 | Daneshvar et al. [53] | 188 | 2006–2008 | Hospital | Borneo | 188 (100) | 60 (31.9) | 121 (64.4) | 7 (3.7) | ||||
31 | Lee et al. c [54] | 47 | 1996 | Hospital | Borneo | 47 (100) | 47 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 36 (76.6) | 1 (2.8) | 29 (80.6) | 6 (16.7) |
32 | Gurpreet [55] | 520 | 2000–2001 | Cross-sectional | Peninsular | 126 (24.2) | 126 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
33 | Vythilingam et al. c [8] | 111 | 2005–2008 | Hospital | Borneo and Peninsular | 111 (100) | 108 (97.3) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.7) | 111 (100) | 33 (29.7) | 65 (58.6) | 13 (11.7) |
34 | Cox-Singh et al. c [56] | 960 | 2001–2006 | Hospital | Borneo | 960 (100) | 958 (99.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.2) | 960 (100) | 664 (69.2) | 243 (25.3) | 53 (5.5) |
35 | Nimir et al. [57] | 382 | 1998–2003 | Hospital | Peninsular | 382 (100) | 347 (90.8) | 0 (0) | 35 (9.2) | ||||
36 | Jamaiah et al. [58] | 94 | 1999–2004 | Hospital | Peninsular | 94 (100) | 89 (94.7) | 0 (0) | 5 (5.3) | ||||
37 | Jamaiah et al. [59] | 86 | 1994–2003 | Hospital | Peninsular | 86 (100) | 76 (88.4) | 0 (0) | 8 (9.3) | ||||
38 | Singh et al. c [60] | 208 | 2000–2002 | Hospital | Borneo | 208 (100) | 208 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 208 (100) | 82 (39.4) | 106 (51) | 20 (9.6) |
39 | Koh et al. [61] | 31 | 1996–2001 | Hospital | Borneo | 31 (100) | 30 (96.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.2) | ||||
40 | Norhayati et al. [62] | 310 | Cross-sectional | Peninsular | 34 (11) | 34 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||||
41 | Singh et al. [63] | 129 | Cross-sectional | Borneo | 36 (27.9) | 31 (86.1) | 0 (0) | 5 (13.9) | 43 (33.3) | 32 (74.4) | 0 (0) | 11 (25.6) | |
42 | Jamaiah et al. [64] | 134 | 1983–1992 | Hospital | Peninsular | 134 (100) | 123 (91.8) | 0 (0) | 11 (8.2) | ||||
43 | Singh et al. [65] | 166 | Hospital and Cross-sectional | Borneo | 68 (41) | 62 (91.2) | 0 (0) | 6 (8.8) | 73 (44) | 65 (89) | 0 (0) | 8 (11) | |
44 | Sidhu et al. [66] | 64 | 1984–1988 | Hospital | Peninsular | 64 (100) | 62 (96.9) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.1) | ||||
45 | Gordon et al. [67] | 268 | Cross-sectional | Peninsular | 60 (22.4) | 50 (83.3) | 0 (0) | 10 (16.7) | |||||
46 | Lee et al. [68] | 94 | 1986 | Cross-sectional | Peninsular | 45 (47.9) | 23 (51.1) | 0 (0) | 22 (48.9) |