Table 5 Risk factors after multivariate mixed-effects logistic regression for Plasmodium infection as detected by PCR

Gender

 Female

Reference

 Male

3.06

[2.26–4.13]

Age [years]

 2–10

Reference

 11–15

4.51

[2.52–8.06]

 16–20

7.47

[4.14–13.47]

 21–25

7.84

[4.20–14.63]

 26–30

8.08

[4.36–14.94]

 31–35

7.71

[4.05–14.70]

 36–40

7.15

[3.76–13.58]

 41–45

5.33

[2.67–10.65]

 46–50

4.16

[1.92–8.99]

 51–80

2.68

[1.36–5.29]

Forest proximity of village

 Outside forest

Reference

 Forest fringe

2.14

[1.02–4.52]

 Inside forest

12.47

[6.29–24.71]

Material of roof

 Grass/leaves

0.96

[0.26–3.55]

 Tent

3.43

[1.36–8.64]

 Corrugated iron

Reference

 Wood planks/cement/tiles

0.50

[0.30–0.84]

Household owns a toilet

 No

Reference

 Yes

0.69

[0.48–1.00]

Household owns buffaloes

 No

Reference

 Yes

2.11

[1.21–3.69]

Household head had received information on malaria via TV in the past 3 months

 No

Reference

 Yes

0.37

[0.16–0.81]

Insecticides had been sprayed inside the house in the past year

 No

Reference

 Yes

0.62

[0.43–0.89]

Slept outdoors last night

 No

Reference

 Yes

1.99

[0.93–4.25]

Slept under net last night

 No

Reference

 Yes

0.99

[0.61–1.59]

Work-unrelated travels overnight in the last month to…

 None

Reference

 Field sites

0.63

[0.25–1.59]

 Forest sites

2.17

[1.41–3.35]

 A village

1.28

[0.75–2.17]

 A city

0.27

[0.03–2.13]

 Unspecified

1.23

[0.56–2.74]

Work in the last two months in…

 …deep forest

  No

Reference

  Yes

2.88

[1.69–4.93]

 …cassava field

  No

Reference

  Yes

1.37

[1.01–1.85]