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Table 1 Temporal trends in prevalence of SP resistant haplotypes from 2009 to 2018

From: Temporal evolution of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance genotypes and genetic diversity in response to a decade of increased interventions against Plasmodium falciparum in northern Ghana

Gene

Haplotypea

Sampling year

  

2009

2010

2011

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

  

% (n/N)

% (n/N)

% (n/N)

% (n/N)

% (n/N)

% (n/N)

% (n/N)

% (n/N)

% (n/N)

pfdhfr

(N51I/C59R/S108N/I164L)

 

NRNI

7.5 (9/120)

9.2 (17/184)

14.5 (8/55)

6.1 (2/33)

20.7 (67/323)

18.5 (33/178)

7.1 (65/920)

16.1 (90/560)

24.6 (79/321)

 

ICNI

3.3 (4/120)

2.2 (4/184)

1.8 (1/55)

6.1 (2/33)

1.2 (4/323)

1.1 (2/178)

5.7 (52/920)

4.8 (27/560)

2.2

(7/321)

 

IRNI

80 (96/120)

77.2 (142/184)

76.4 (42/55)

66.7 (23/33)

67.5 (218/323)

73.6 (131/178)

79.8 (734/920)

70.7 (396/560)

67.9 (218/321)

 

NCSI

9.2 (11/120)

11.4 (21/184)

7.3 (4/55)

21.1 (7/33)

10.5 (34/323)

6.7 (12/178)

7.5 (69/920)

8.4 (47/560)

5.3 (17/321)

pfdhps

(S436A[C/F/Y]/A437G/K540E/A581G/A613S)

 

(A/F/Y/S)AKAS

14.2 (17/120)

19.0 (35/184)

18.2 (10/55)

6.1 (2/33)

7.1 (23/323)

3.4 (6/178)

3.4 (31/920)

4.1 (23/560)

6.9 (18/261)

 

(C/S/A)GKAA

2.5 (3/120)

33.7 (62/184)

9.1 (5/55)

39.4 (13/33)

55.4 (179/323)

64.0 (114/178)

71.2 (655/920)

69.5 (389/560)

78.2 (204/261)

 

AAKAA

55.0 (66/119)

22.8 (42/184)

41.8 (23/55)

21.2 (7/33)

21.7 (70/323)

7.3 (13/178)

2.2 (20/920)

9.8 (55/560)

8.4 (22/261)

 

(A/S)GKAS

2.5 (3/120)

3.8 (8/184)

3.6 (2/55)

6.1 (2/33)

2.5 (8/323)

9.6 (17/178)

4.6 (42/920)

8.0 (45/540)

4.2 (11/261)

 

(S/A)GEAA

0 (0/120)

0 (0/184)

0 (0/55)

3.0 (1/33)

0 (0/323)

1.7 (3/178)

1.1 (10/920)

1.3

(7/560)

0

(0/261)

 

SAKAA

25.8 (31/120)

20.7 (38/184)

27.3 (15/55)

24.2 (8/33)

13.3 (43/323)

14.0 (25/178)

17.5 (161/920)

7.3 (41/560)

2.3

(6/261)

pfdhfr/pfdhpsb

         
 

Triple

3.5 (2/57)

0 (0/81)

0 (0/24)

0 (0/22)

5.5 (4/73)

1.4 (1/70)

1.3 (3/237)

0

(0/175)

2.8

(3/107)

 

Quadruple

43.9 (25/57)

49.4 (40/81)

87.5 (21/24)

59.1 (13/22)

45.2 (33/73)

25.7 (18/70)

10.1 (24/237)

21.1 (37/175)

20.6 (22/107)

 

Quintuple

52.6 (30/57)

50.6 (41/81)

12.5 (3/24)

40.9 (9/22)

49.3 (36/73)

72.9 (51/70)

88.6 (210/237)

78.9 (138/175)

76.6 (82/107)

  1. aHaplotypes derived from only pure samples. Quintuple are detected in all three studies and prevalence is much higher when heterozygous samples are included
  2. bTriple = NRNI + AAKAA; quadruple = IRNI + SGKAA or IRNI + AAKAA; quintuple = IRNI + AGKAA or IRNI + SGEAA; sextuple = IRNI + SGEGA
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Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

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