Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included in the review
Author | Year | Design | Country | Setting | Mean* age | Minimum age | Maximum age | %Male | Characteristic of the population | Plasmodium sp target by the Ultrasensitive RDT | Person(s) performing ultrasensitive RDT | Characteristics of patients in terms of symptoms | Reference test | Commercial name(s) of the ultra-sensitive RDT used in the study | Parasite density reported in the study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Briand | 2020 | Cross sectional analysis of a cohort study | Benin | Hospital based | 26.7 | NR | NR | NA | Pregnant women | Falciparum | Unclear | Asymptomatic and symptomatic | PCR | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | Mean parasite density (95%CI): 20.7 p/μL (10.8–39.6) |
Yeung | 2020 | Cross sectional | Cambodia | Population- based, Hospital based | NR | NR | NR | NR | All age categories and conditions (Active case detection) | Falciparum | Trained lab technician | Asymptomatic and symptomatic | PCR | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | Unclear |
Girma | 2019 | Cross sectional | Ethiopia | Population-based | NR | NR | NR | NR | All age categories and conditions | Falciparum | Trained lab technician | Asymptomatic | Ultra-sensitive PCR | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | uRDT median = 7817 per mL, and cRDT median = 70,205 (IQR: 5585–196 950 per mL) |
Unwin | 2020 | Cross sectional | Indonesia | Hospital based | NR | NR | NR | NA | Pregnant women | Falciparum | NR | Asymptomatic | Composite test (qPCR, LAMP, nPCR) | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | Unclear |
Samuels | 2019 | Cross sectional analysis of a cohort study | Kenya | Population-based | NR | NR | NR | NA | Pregnant women | Falciparum | Unclear | Asymptomatic and symptomatic | PCR | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | Median = 148 (IQR: 11–1260 per μL) |
Galatas | 2020 | Cross sectional | Mozambique | Population-based | 4 | NR | NR | 44.8 | All age categories and conditions | Falciparum | Trained lab technician | Asymptomatic and symptomatic | PCR | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | Geo mean = 112.9 p/μL. (Ranged: 0.6 to 120,786.2) for uRDT, And Geo mean = 145.5 p/μL. (Ranged: 0.6–120,786.2) for cRDT positive samples |
Landier_1 | 2018 | Cross sectional | Myanmar | Population-based | 36 | 18 | NR | 47.1 | Adults | Falciparum | NR | Asymptomatic | ELISA | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | Geo mean uRDT + : 3,019 p/ml (95% CI, 1,790 to 5,094 p/ml), and cRDT + : 11,352 (95% CI, 5,643 to 22,837 p/ml) |
Landier_2 | 2018 | Cross sectional | Myanmar | Population-based | 36 | 18 | NR | 47.1 | Adults | Falciparum | NR | Asymptomatic | Ultra-sensitive PCR | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | Geo mean uRDT + : 3,019 p/ml (95% CI, 1,790 to 5,094 p/ml), and cRDT + : 11,352 (95% CI, 5,643 to 22,837 p/ml) |
Liu | 2019 | Cross sectional | Myanmar | Population-based | 14 | 0.6 | 90 | 43.1 | All age categories and conditions | Falciparum | Unclear | Asymptomatic and symptomatic | PCR | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | NR |
Hofmann | 2018 | Cross sectional | Papua New Guinea | Population-based | 29 | NR | NR | NR | 5 years and older (excluding pregnant women) | Falciparum | NR | Asymptomatic and symptomatic | PCR | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | Geo mean uRDT + : 427.58 p/μL; median, 173.63 p/μL (IQR, 26.89–547.75 p/μL), and Geo mean cRDT + : 6104.25 p/μL; median, 1309.40 p/μL (IQR, 135.3–12,586.2 p/μL) |
Hofmann_1 | 2019 | Cross sectional analysis of a cohort study | Tanzania | Hospital based | NR | 0.2 | 4.9 | NR | Children under 5 year | Falciparum | Unclear | Symptomatic | Ultra-sensitive PCR | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | Geo mean:3844 p/μL; median, 54,742 p/μL (IQR, 13–385,514 p/μL) |
Hofmann_2 | 2019 | Cross sectional analysis of a cohort study | Tanzania | Hospital based | NR | 18 | 80 | NR | Adults | Falciparum | Unclear | Symptomatic | Ultra-sensitive PCR | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | Geo mean: 1102 p/μL; median, 1691 p/μL (IQR, 27–87,812 p/μL) |
Mwesigwa | 2019 | Cross sectional | The Gambia | Population-based | 13 | NR | NR | 44.3 | All age categories and conditions | Falciparum | Nurse | Asymptomatic and symptomatic | PCR | Unclear | NR |
Vásquez | 2020 | Cross sectional | Colombia | Hospital based | NR | NR | NR | NA | Pregnant women | Falciparum | Trained lab technician | Asymptomatic and symptomatic | PCR | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | Geo mean = 13.2 p/μL (Ranged: 0.03 to 8145) |
Manjurano | 2021 | Cross sectional | Tanzania | Hospital based | NR | 5 | NR | 42.8 | 5 years and older | Falciparum | Trained lab technician | Symptomatic | PCR | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | Ranged: 40–1,000,000 p/μL |
Acquah | 2021 | Cross sectional | Ghana | Population-based | NR | 3 | 88 | 33 | All age categories and conditions | Falciparum | Trained lab technician | Asymptomatic | PCR | Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT | Unclear |