Fig. 1

Illustration of PD-LAMP set-up. A LAMP was performed with whole blood samples added directly to the assay reagents. A1 The red blood cells lysed upon heating, releasing the malaria DNA and initiating the LAMP reaction. A2 After LAMP is completed, the amplicons are combined with fluorescent particles and A3 the mixture was then added to a microfluidic chip. A4 Imaging of the fluorescent beads took place using an epifluorescent microscope or the smartphone device (developed by Moehling et al.) [36]. B The smartphone images the fluorescent particles undergoing Brownian motion for 30 s. The particles will exhibit faster Brownian motion in the absence of DNA amplicons. In the presence of malaria DNA, the particle motion will be hindered. The diffusion coefficient value, a numerical measure of Brownian motion, is lower when malaria DNA is amplified than if no malaria DNA is present