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Table 3 Risk factors for P. falciparum infection in pregnant women in Saponé Health District

From: Risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant women in Burkina Faso: a community-based cross-sectional survey

Factors

P. falciparum infection positivity, n/N (%)

Univariable analysis

Multivariable analysis

N = 356

Odds ratio

95% CI

p-value

Odds ratio

95% CI

p-value

Pregnancy characteristics

 Gestation

  1st trimester

10/48 (20.8)

1

     

  2nd trimester

34/132 (25.8)

1.32

0.90–1.94

0.16

   

  3rd trimester

7/108 (6.5)

0.26

0.12–0.58

0.001

   

 Gravidity

  Primigravidae

14/78 (17.9)

1

     

  Secundigravidae

12/74 (16.2)

0.88

0.48–1.64

0.70

   

  Multigravidae

30/204 (14.7)

0.79

0.41–1.50

0.47

   

Socio-demographic characteristics

 Mean age (years)

–

0.98

0.94–1.02

0.35

   

 Age group (years)

  < 20

8/34 (23.5)

1

  

1

  

  20–30

34/191 (17.8)

0.70

0.36–1.39

0.31

0.77a

0.25–2.37

0.64

  30–40

14/131 (10.7)

0.39

0.22–0.69

0.001

0.76a

0.31–1.84

0.54

 Education

  No formal education

24/210 (11.4)

1

  

1

  

  Literate

31/144 (21.5)

2.13

1.29–3.52

0.003

2.54b

1.31–4.91

0.006

 Occupation

  Farmers

34/249 (13.7)

1

     

  Traders

15/79 (19.0)

1.48

0.75–2.93

0.26

   

  Other

6/23 (26.1)

2.23

0.72–6.90

0.16

   

Use of personal protective measures

 ITN use the previous night

  No

12/41 (29.3)

1

  

1

  

  Yes

43/314 (13.7)

0.38

0.18–0.81

0.01

0.35c

0.14–0.86

0.02

 Number of exits from the ITN the previous night

  2 or more times

18/152 (11.8)

1

     

  Less than 2 times

31/184 (16.8)

1.51

0.84–2.71

0.17

   

  ANC attendance (number of visits)

 

0.53

0.43–0.66

< 0.001

   

  Number of IPTp-SP doses (one unit increase)

–

0.57

0.41–0.80

0.001

0.56d

0.39–0.79

0.001

 Mosquito coils

  No

46/286 (16.1)

1

     

  Yes

9 /69 (13.0)

0.78

0.48–1.29

0.33

   

 Other spatial repellent

  No

54/335 (16.1)

1

     

  Yes

2/21 (9.5)

0.55

0.09–3.53

0.53

   

 Commercial repellent (topical)

  No

51/320 (15.9)

1

     

  Yes

4/34 (11.8)

0.70

0.24–2.04

0.52

   

 Distance to nearest health centre (km)

  < 3

26/198 (13.1)

1

     

  3–5

19/107 (17.8)

1.43

0.73–2.78

0.30

   

  > 5

10/47 (21.3)

1.79

0.66–4.83

0.25

   

 Use of anti-malarial drug during the last 2 weeks before the survey

  No

48/302 (15.9)

1

     

  Yes

5/46 (10.9)

0.65

0.32–1.31

0.23

   

House characteristics and construction

 Household size

  < 4

31/206 (15.0)

1

     

  4 ≤ no. < 6

20/123 (16.3)

1.10

0.58–2.07

0.78

   

  ≥ 6

4/21 (19.0)

1.33

0.36–4.91

0.67

   

 Roof material of sleeping room

  Metal

52/340 (15.3)

1

     

  Thatch or mud

3/13 (23.1)

1.66

0.62–4.42

0.31

   

 Electricity supply in sleeping room

  No

33/178 (18.5)

1

     

  Yes

21/165 (12.7)

0.64

0.37–1.11

0.11

   

 Clothes hanging in sleeping room

  No

16/120 (13.3)

1

     

  Yes

38/230 (16.5)

1.29

0.58–2.84

0.53

   

Asset ownership

 Own a radio

  No

24/127 (18.9)

1

     

  Yes

31/224 (13.8)

0.74

0.42–1.30

0.29

   

 Own a mobile phone

  No

8/56 (14.3)

1

     

  Yes

47/295 (15.9)

1.14

0.62–2.09

0.68

   

Environmental factors

 Season enrolled

  Dry season

31/174 (17.8)

1

     

  Rainy season

25/182 (13.7)

0.73

0.41–1.31

0.30

   

 Presence of large domestic animals within 5 m of the household

  No

10/68 (14.7)

1

     

  Yes

45/281 (16.0)

1.11

0.48–2.55

0.81

   

 Presence of solid waste within 5 m of the household

  No

30/188 (16.0)

1

     

  Yes

24/163 (14.7)

0.91

0.50–1.64

0.75

   
  1. CI confidence interval, IPTp-SP intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with with sulphadoxine pyrimethamine, ITN insecticide-treated net
  2. aAdjusted for reported ITN use, the number of IPTp-SP doses and education
  3. bAdjusted for ITN use, number of IPTp-SP doses and age group
  4. cAdjusted for number of IPTp-SP doses, education and age group
  5. dAdjusted for ITN use, education and age group
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Malaria Journal

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