Fig. 4

Larger clonal expansion in IgG⁺ B cell subsets after malaria. A IgG⁺ atypical MBCs show larger expansion than IgM⁺ atypical MBCs at all time points. Each data point represents the clonal expansion score at one time point in one child. B The difference in clonal expansion scores between two consecutive time points, with the malaria-free period (0 to 3 months) on the left and the period with a malaria episode (3 to 6 months) on the right for both IgM⁺ and IgG⁺ B cell subsets. Data points with a black outline show results for child with cohort ID 3289, while data points without an outline depict results for child with cohort ID 3421. In both panels, the non-parametric paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test for statistically significant differences between B cell subsets. NBCs naïve B cells, cMBCs classical memory B cells, atMBCs atypical memory B cells, mo. months