Table 2 GEE model assessing association factors with LLINs non-use in Ethiopia

LLIN Physical integrity based on pHI

 No holes

Ref.

Ref.

 Good

1.10 (0.88, 1.37)

0.97 (0.76, 1.25)

 Acceptable

1.5 1(1.23, 1.84)*

1.23 (0.96, 1.57)

 Torn

2.5 5(2.14, 3.04)*

1.76 (1.41, 2.19)*

Brand

 MAGNet®

Ref.

 PermaNet 2.0®

1.00 (0.9, 1.2)

LLIN age

 0 year

Ref.

Ref.

 1 year

2.38 (2.01 2.82)*

3.53 (2.85, 4.37)*

 2 years

4.75 (3.94, 5.71)

5.93 (4.64, 7.58)*

 3 years

6.02 (4.74, 7.63)

7.52 (5.53, 10.21)*

Main type of sleeping place net was used

 Bed frame (finished)

Ref.

Ref.

 Bed frame (sticks)

0.72 (0.60, 0.86)*

0.96 (0.78, 1.17)*

 Foam mattress

1.25 (0.92, 1.70)

1.48 (1.06, 2.06) *

 Reed mattress

1.69 (1.23, 2.33)*

2.83 (1.98, 4.06)*

 Grass mattress

0.57 (0.45, 0.73)*

1.59 (1.20, 2.12)*

 Floor with no mattress

3.11 (2.54, 3.82)*

3.68 (2.88, 4.70)*

 Others

6.69 (4.07, 10.98)*

5.35 (3.18, 9.01)*

LLIN ever washed

 Yes

Ref.

Ref.

 No

0.92 (0.82, 1.04)

1.86 (1.58, 2.20)*

Age household head

1.01 (1.01, 1.02) *

1.00 (0.99, 1.00)

Household head gender

 Male

Ref.

Ref.

 Female

1.28 (1.07, 1.53)*

1.10 (0.90, 1.35)

Household head Educational status

 No formal education

Ref.

Ref.

 Primary (1–6)

0.93 (0.80, 1.07)

0.89 (0.74, 1.06)

 Secondary (7–8)

1.18 (0.94, 1.48)

1.19 (0.90, 1.56)

 High school (9–10)

1.20 (0.91, 1.59)

1.19 (0.87, 1.61)

 Above high school

1.03 (0.75, 1.42)

1.02 (0.72, 1.45)

Ever exposed to net care and repair messages

0.97 (0.85, 1.11)

Perception towards net care and repair

 Very positive

Ref.

 Positive

1.05(0.91, 1.22)

1.06 (0.90, 1.25)

 Negative

1.33 (1.11, 1.59)*

1.50 (1.21, 1.86)*

Number of rooms used for sleeping

1.21 (1.11, 1.32)*

1.01 (0.90, 1.12)

LLIN to people ratio

 One LLIN for every two people

Ref.

 Less than one LLIN for every two people

0.89 (0.75, 1.05)

1.01 (0.84, 1.22)

 More than one LLIN for every two people

1.65 (1.36, 2.00)*

1.31 (1.05, 1.63)*

Wealth quintile

 Lowest

Ref.

Ref.

 Second

1.27 (1.05, 1.54)*

1.06 (0.85, 1.33)

 Middle

1.29 (1.16, 1.57)*

1.28 (1.02, 1.62)*

 Fourth

1.22 (0.99, 1.49)

1.14 (0.88, 1.47)

 Highest

2.15 (1.76, 2.63)*

1.86 (1.42, 2.44)*

Study site

 Tigray

9.80 (7.89, 12.12)

5.14 (3.95, 6.68) *

 Amhara

3.63 (2.85, 4.62)

4.33 (3.25, 5.77) *

 Oromia

3.58 (2.87, 4.46)

1.94 (1.50, 2.50)*

 SNNPR

Ref.

Ref.

Malaria transmission setting

 Low (API < 5/1000)

1.42 (1.03, 1.96)*

1.07 (0.72, 1.62)

 Moderate (API 5–100/1000)

0.73 (0.53, 0.99)

0.82 (0.58, 1.17)

 High (API >= 100/1000

Ref.

Ref.