Causal effects on low Apgar at 5-min and stillbirth in a malaria maternal–fetal health outcome investigation: a large perinatal surveillance study in the Brazilian Amazon

Table 3 Measurement of the associations with stillbirths according to maternal characteristics, malaria risk factors, and newborn health (Model A2)

	Univariable logistic regression			Multivariable logistic regression
	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI
Outcome
Stillbirth
Maternal pregnancy and health characteristics
Advanced age (> 35 years) or young (< 15 years)	0.016	3.2	1.24–8.24	0.11	2.9	0.8–10.6
Number of previous deliveries (n = 1 to 4)	0.258	0.6	0.25–1.45
Attended ≥ 6 obstetrics consults during pregnancy	< 0.001	0.1	0.04–0.3	0.041	0.19	0.04–0.93
Diagnosed with perinatal anaemia (Hgb < 11 g/dL)	0.013	3.12	1.27–7.68	0.529	1.48	0.43–5.06
Presented with perinatal fever	< 0.001	13.3	5.5–32.3	< 0.001	16.94	4.74–60.49
Diagnosed with malaria prior to current pregnancy	0.15	1.9	0.8–4.4
Diagnosed with malaria during pregnancy	0.17	2.8	0.7–12.2
Diagnosed with perinatal malaria	0.99	0	0, Inf
No malaria testing during pregnancy	0.77	0.85	0.3–2.5
Maternal malaria risk factors
Resides in Cruzeiro do Sul	0.026	2.78	1.1–6.8	0.682	1.3	0.38–4.48
Resides in rural area	0.359	1.5	0.6–3.6
Illiterate or has secondary education as highest level	0.046	2.39	1.02–5.61	0.477	1.57	0.45–5.49
Never used repellent in pregnancy	0.207	1.75	0.73–4.2
Never used a bed net during pregnancy	0.517	0.74	0.3–1.8
No air conditioning unit in home	0.326	2.1	0.5–8.9
Newborn health at delivery
Born prematurely (< 37 weeks gestational age)	< 0.001	18.1	7.5–43.4	0.302	2.26	0.48–10.61
Low birth weight at delivery (< 2500 g)	< 0.001	60.6	20.3–181	0.142	4.37	0.61–31.3
Low head circumference (< 33 cm)	< 0.001	20.3	6.4–64.2	0.117	3.99	0.71–22.54
Control variable
Haemoglobin blood test timing	0.324	1.53	0.66–3.55	0.072	3.04	0.91–10.2

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