Dynamic changes in genetic diversity, drug resistance mutations, and treatment outcomes of falciparum malaria from the low-transmission to the pre-elimination phase on the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe

Table 3 Logistic regression analyses of factors related to early and late parasitological failures (no. of observations = 7482)

Variable	Coefficient	SE	z value	p-value	OR (95% CI)
Early parasitological failure (day 3 positive)
Age	− 0.028	0.004	− 6.752	< 0.001	0.97 (0.96–0.98)
Male	− 0.048	0.093	− 0.513	0.608	0.95 (0.80–1.14)
Urban	0.015	0.254	0.059	0.953	1.02 (0.62–1.67)
Period B vs. D	1.761	0.199	8.860	< 0.001	5.82 (3.94–8.59)
Period C vs. D	1.003	0.199	5.046	< 0.001	2.73 (1.85–4.03)
Endemic season	0.026	0.093	0.278	0.781	1.03 (0.86–1.23)
Log₁₀ parasite density at day 0*	0.368	0.058	6.379	< 0.001	1.44 (1.29–1.62)
Quinine*	0.672	0.150	4.490	< 0.001	1.96 (1.46–2.63)
Late parasitological failure (days 7–28 positive)
Age	− 0.022	0.005	− 4.775	< 0.001	0.98 (0.97–0.99)
Male	− 0.173	0.112	− 1.542	0.123	0.84 (0.67–1.05)
Urban	− 0.239	0.296	− 0.807	0.419	0.79 (0.94–1.22)
Period B vs. D	0.647	0.189	3.419	< 0.001	1.91 (1.32–2.77)
Period C vs. D	0.487	0.181	2.691	0.007	1.63 (1.14–2.32)
Endemic season	− 0.089	0.113	− 0.788	0.430	0.91 (0.73–1.14)
Log₁₀ parasite density at day 0*	0.069	0.064	1.071	0.284	1.07 (0.94–1.22)
Quinine*	0.648	0.162	3.997	< 0.001	1.91 (1.39–2.63)

The definition of each variable is described in the method section. Period B and C are the low transmission periods with ascending and descending trend, respectively. Period D is the pre-elimination phase. The asterisk denotes that the mediation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between “parasite density → treatment → early/late parasitological failures” in Additional file 1: Fig. S6. Significant p-values (p < 0.05) are shown in italic

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