Fig. 2

Convergence cross-mapping (CCM) detects a causal effect of Cp (= measure of Plasmodium falciparum density) on fasting blood glucose concentration in patient #2. Shown are the CCM results \(\rho\) of the empirical time series (red dot) as well as the results of the surrogate time series (box plot). The empirical result \(\rho\)=0.538 outperforms over 95% of the surrogates. A significant Kendall’s \(\tau\) quantifies the convergence of \(\rho\) for increasing library size