Genetic polymorphisms in genes associated with drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax parasites from northeastern Myanmar

Table 1 Frequency of alleles with single or multiple mutations in the Pvmdr1, Pvdhfr, Pvdhps and Pvcrt-o genes from P. vivax isolates

Mutations	Single/multiple mutations	Numbers (%)	P value^#
Pvmdr1			< 0.0001
Wild type (T958/Y976/F1076)		0
Y976F	Single mutation	0
T958M	Single mutation	59 (48.0)
T958M + F1076L	Double mutations	64 (52.0)
Pvdhfr*			< 0.0001
Wild type (F57/S58/T61/S117/I173)		57 (46.3)
F57I/L^a	Single mutation	0
S117T	Single mutation	1 (0.8)
S58R + S117N	Double mutations	31 (24.4)
S58R + T61M + S117T	Triple mutations	2 (1.6)
S58R + T61M + S117N	Triple mutations	1 (0.8)
F57I + S58R + T61M + S117T	Quadruple mutations	34 (26.8)
F57L + S58R + T61M + S117N	Quadruple mutations	1 (0.8)
Pvdhps			< 0.0001
Wild type (A383/A553)		103 (78.0)
A383G	Single mutation	0
V585A	Single mutation	0
A553G	Single mutation	2 (1.5)
A383G + A553G	Double mutations	27 (20.5)
Pvcrt-o
Wild type (Without K10 insertion)		132 (100.0)

* Among 32 samples, those with deletion of GGDN repeats from position 95 to 99 were not included. The I13L and I173L mutant alleles were not detected
^a A total of 39 samples with mutations in codon 57 including 34 samples carrying 57I and 4 carrying 57L, but F57I/L only existed in quadruple mutations
^# The chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test was used to evaluate differences among the frequency of alleles of each gene

ISSN: 1475-2875