Table 2 Prevalence of self-reported malaria among women 12 month before the survey by access to malaria interventions
Experienced malaria in the past 12 months | Rao Scott's Chi-square | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
% [95% CI] | % [95% CI] | |||
65.62 [63.63, 67.57] | 34.38 [32.43, 36.37] | |||
Interventions | ||||
Insecticide treated nets (ITNs) | 4.32 | 0.039 | ||
No access to ITNS | 61.33 [56.31, 66.11] | 38.67 [33.89, 43.69] | ||
Access to ITNs | 66.71 [64.59, 68.76] | 33.29 [31.24, 35.41] | ||
Indoor residual spraying (IRS) | 0.91 | 0.342 | ||
Household not sprayed | 65.34 [63.18, 67.43] | 34.66 [32.57, 36.82] | ||
Household sprayed | 67.63 [63.07, 71.87] | 32.37 [28.13, 36.93] | ||
Both ITNs and IRS | 1.65 | 0.188 | ||
No access to both ITNs & IRS | 61.31 [56.44, 65.96] | 38.69 [34.04, 43.56] | ||
Access to only IRS | 61.65 [39.00, 80.17] | 38.35 [19.83, 61.00] | ||
Access to only ITNs | 66.46 [64.27, 68.59] | 33.54 [31.41, 35.73] | ||
Access to both ITNs & IRS | 68.16 [62.41, 73.42] | 31.84 [26.58, 37.59] | ||
Region of residence | 4.38 | < 0.001 | ||
Western | 63.19 [57.76,68.30] | 36.81 [31.70,42.24] | ||
Central | 54.72 [48.15,61.13] | 45.28 [38.87,51.85] | ||
Greater Accra | 66.59 [61.80,71.07] | 33.41 [28.93,38.20] | ||
Volta | 69.30 [64.06,74.08] | 30.70 [25.92,35.94] | ||
Eastern | 65.02 [59.91,69.80] | 34.98 [30.20,40.09] | ||
Ashanti | 71.64 [65.87,76.78] | 28.36 [23.22,34.13] | ||
Brong Ahafo | 60.56 [53.22,67.44] | 39.44 [32.56,46.78] | ||
Northern | 67.44 [62.39,72.11] | 32.56 [27.89,37.61] | ||
Upper East | 57.25 [50.71,63.54] | 42.75 [36.46,49.29] | ||
Upper West | 76.95 [70.86,82.09] | 23.05 [17.91,29.14] | ||
Place of residence | 0.00 | 0.970 | ||
Urban | 65.59 [62.88,68.20] | 34.41 [31.80,37.12] | ||
Rural | 65.66 [62.68,68.53] | 34.34 [31.47,37.32] | ||
Household characteristics | ||||
Household size | 0.89 | 0.440 | ||
< 4 members | 64.02 [60.42,67.46] | 35.98 [32.54,39.58] | ||
4–6 members | 65.52 [62.53,68.39] | 34.48 [31.61,37.47] | ||
7–9 members | 67.45 [63.50,71.17] | 32.55 [28.83,36.50] | ||
10+ members | 68.81 [62.58,74.43] | 31.19 [25.57,37.42] | ||
Sex of household head | 0.63 | 0.430 | ||
Male | 66.14 [63.87,68.33] | 33.86 [31.67,36.13] | ||
Female | 64.71 [61.47,67.83] | 35.29 [32.17,38.53] | ||
Age of household head (mean ± SD) | 0.44 | 0.702 | ||
< 30 | 64.54 [59.04,69.69] | 35.46 [30.31,40.96] | ||
30–49 | 65.47 [62.57,68.27] | 34.53 [31.73,37.43] | ||
50–69 | 65.69 [62.45,68.79] | 34.31 [31.21,37.55] | ||
> 69 | 69.99 [62.22,76.76] | 30.01 [23.24,37.78] | ||
Wealth index | 2.26 | 0.106 | ||
Poor | 67.68 [64.29,70.88] | 32.32 [29.12,35.71] | ||
Middle | 61.91 [57.74,65.90] | 38.09 [34.10,42.26] | ||
Rich | 65.73 [62.61,68.71] | 34.27 [31.29,37.39] | ||
Source of water | 12.57 | < 0.001 | ||
Improved water source | 64.59 [62.48,66.64] | 35.41 [33.36,37.52] | ||
Unimproved water source | 72.70 [68.54,76.49] | 27.30 [23.51,31.46] | ||
Toilet facility | 0.14 | 0.713 | ||
Improved toilet facility | 65.39 [62.95,67.74] | 34.61 [32.26,37.05] | ||
Unimproved toilet facility | 66.22 [62.45,69.80] | 33.78 [30.20,37.55] | ||
Access to electricity | 1.98 | 0.161 | ||
No | 68.52 [63.69,72.97] | 31.48 [27.03,36.31] | ||
Yes | 64.88 [62.75,66.95] | 35.12 [33.05,37.25] | ||
Main floor materials | 2.50 | 0.083 | ||
Ceramic/tiles/carpet | 62.18 [58.53,65.70] | 37.82 [34.30,41.47] | ||
Cement | 66.35 [63.91,68.71] | 33.65 [31.29,36.09] | ||
Sand/earth/wooden planks | 68.41 [63.05,73.33] | 31.59 [26.67,36.95] | ||
Main wall materials | 0.49 | 0.485 | ||
Cement/bricks | 65.20 [62.70,67.61] | 34.80 [32.39,37.30] | ||
Others (clay, woods etc.,) | 66.40 [63.63,69.06] | 33.60 [30.94,36.37] | ||
Main roof materials | 0.50 | 0.587 | ||
Asbestos/shingles/concrete | 66.37 [61.43,70.97] | 33.63 [29.03,38.57] | ||
Zinc/aluminium | 65.27 [63.05,67.43] | 34.73 [32.57,36.95] | ||
Thatch/palm leaves/wood | 69.50 [62.36,75.81] | 30.50 [24.19,37.64] | ||
Cooking fuel | 0.61 | 0.435 | ||
Non-solid (LPG, electricity) | 64.47 [60.94,67.84] | 35.53 [32.16,39.06] | ||
Solid (charcoal, woods, etc.) | 65.98 [63.73,68.15] | 34.02 [31.85,36.27] | ||
Women characteristics | ||||
Woman’s age | 8.14 | < 0.001 | ||
15–19 | 74.63 [71.32,77.68] | 25.37 [22.32,28.68] | ||
20–29 | 64.45 [60.87,67.87] | 35.55 [32.13,39.13] | ||
30–39 | 62.91 [59.45,66.24] | 37.09 [33.76,40.55] | ||
40–49 | 63.67 [59.66,67.50] | 36.33 [32.50,40.34] | ||
Woman’s education | 0.68 | 0.537 | ||
No education | 68.35 [63.02,73.24] | 31.65 [26.76,36.98] | ||
Primary | 64.97 [61.44,68.35] | 35.03 [31.65,38.56] | ||
Secondary | 64.99 [62.40,67.50] | 35.01 [32.50,37.60] | ||
Higher/tertiary | 64.66 [57.68,71.07] | 35.34 [28.93,42.32] | ||
Number of births | 2.24 | 0.087 | ||
None | 68.29 [65.33,71.12] | 31.71 [28.88,34.67] | ||
1–2 births | 64.80 [61.32,68.13] | 35.20 [31.87,38.68] | ||
3–4 births | 66.40 [62.68,69.92] | 33.60 [30.08,37.32] | ||
> 4 births | 62.12 [57.80,66.25] | 37.88 [33.75,42.20] | ||
Woman’s currently pregnant | 0.07 | 0.787 | ||
No/unsure | 65.70 [63.61,67.73] | 34.30 [32.27,36.39] | ||
Yes | 64.67 [57.16,71.51] | 35.33 [28.49,42.84] | ||
Covered by health insurance | 0.23 | 0.630 | ||
No | 66.18 [62.98,69.24] | 33.82 [30.76,37.02] | ||
Yes | 65.23 [62.77,67.62] | 34.77 [32.38,37.23] | ||
Woman’s religion | 1.97 | 0.143 | ||
Christians | 65.61 [63.28,67.87] | 34.39 [32.13,36.72] | ||
Islam | 64.35 [60.67,67.87] | 35.65 [32.13,39.33] | ||
Tradition/no religion/others | 73.63 [65.73,80.25] | 26.37 [19.75,34.27] | ||
Knowledge of malaria | 7.03 | 0.002 | ||
Low knowledge | 88.59 [80.26,93.69] | 11.41 [6.31,19.74] | ||
Moderate knowledge | 66.17 [62.50,69.65] | 33.83 [30.35,37.50] | ||
Comprehensive knowledge | 64.82 [62.50,67.08] | 35.18 [32.92,37.50] | ||
Exposure to malaria messages in the past 6 months | 34.07 | < 0.001 | ||
Not exposed | 70.47 [67.96,72.87] | 29.53 [27.13,32.04] | ||
Exposed | 59.89 [57.03,62.69] | 40.11 [37.31,42.97] | ||