Fig. 4

Reproductive performance of female Anopheles arabiensis fed on cattle urine and urea. Blood-fed female mosquitoes fed on diets consisting of fresh and aged cattle urine, various concentrations of urea, sucrose (10%) and distilled water (H₂O) over a period of 48 h, and then placed in a bioassay with access to an oviposition substrate for 48 h (A). The number of eggs (B, E), size of eggs (C, F) and size of larvae (D, G) were significantly affected by the diet provided (cattle urine: B–D; urea: E–G). The mean for each parameter measured with different letter designations are significantly different from one another (one-way analysis of variance with a Tukey’s post hoc analysis; p < 0.05). Error bars represent the standard error of the mean