Table 1 The outcomes of experimental hut trials of long-lasting insecticidal nets against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Tiassalé, southern Côte d'Ivoire

Deterrence

Total number of females caught

519

421

381

612

326

558

381

669

Females caught/night: mean ± SEM

8.1 ± 1.0^a,b

6.6 ± 1.0^b,c

6.0 ± 0.7^b,c

9.6 ± 1.5^a,b

5.1 ± 0.7^c

8.7 ± 0.9^a,b

6.0 ± 0.8^b,c

10.5 ± 1.0^a

Deterrence (%)

–

18.9 ± 2.3^a

26.6 ± 1.9^a

− 17.9 ± 2.0^b

37.2 ± 3.3^a

− 7.5 ± 0.8^b

26.6 ± 3.0^a

− 28.9 ± 2.3^c

Exophily

Number of females in exit traps and veranda

177

295

281

376

238

301

186

326

Exophily rate (%): mean ± SEM

42.1 ± 4.5^a

70.7 ± 3.9^b

70.4 ± 3.8^b

63.3 ± 3.5^b

72.8 ± 4.2^b

54.0 ± 3.6^b

51.8 ± 4.2^a

42.4 ± 3.3^a

Induced exophily (%)

–

67.9

67.2

50.5

72.9

28.3

23.2

0.6

Blood-feeding

Number of blood-fed females

337

139

132

269

125

304

240

447

Percentage of blood-fed females (%): mean ± SEM

63.9 ± 4.1^a,c

36.7 ± 4.0^b

37.5 ± 4.4^b

36.0 ± 3.7^b

31.3 ± 4.4^b

57.7 ± 3.7^c

55.7 ± 4.6^c

72.3 ± 3.2^a

Blood-feeding inhibition (%): mean ± SEM

–

42.5 ± 6.8^a

41.4 ± 6.9^a

43.7 ± 4.8^a

51.0 ± 5.7^a

9.8 ± 3.6^b

12.8 ± 4.3^b

− 13.0 ± 3.6^c

Mortality Immediate mortality

Number of dead females morning (immediate mortality)

1

372

338

509

153

157

56

133

Immediate mortality (%): mean ± SEM

0.0 ± 0.4^d

77.1 ± 1.3^a

72.4 ± 1.4^a,b

82.8 ± 0.4^a,b

31.9 ± 3.5^b,c

10.6 ± 4.3 ^c,d

5.0 ± 4.7^d

7.4 ± 3.8 ^c,d

Immediate mortality corrected for control (%): mean ± SEM

0

77.1 ± 1.3^a

72.4 ± 1.4^a,b

82.8 ± 0.4^a,b

31.8 ± 3.5^b,c

10.4 ± 4.3 ^c,d

5.0 ± 4.7^d

7.4 ± 3.8 ^c,d

24-h mortality

Number of dead females after 24 h (delayed mortality)

1

14

11

33

10

22

13

24

Total number of dead females after 24 h

2

386

349

542

163

179

69

157

24-h mortality (%): mean ± SEM

0.1 ± 0.6^d

92.5 ± 0.2^a

82.9 ± 0.9^a,b

88.2 ± 0.2^a,b,c

37.4 ± 2.9^b,c

14.2 ± 3.9^c,d

7.2 ± 5.0^d

10.3 ± 3.6^c,d

24-h mortality corrected for control (%): mean ± SEM

–

92.5 ± 0.2^a

82.8 ± 0.9^a,b,c

88.2 ± 0.2^a,b,c

37.8 ± 2.9^b,c

13.8 ± 3.9^c,d

7.2 ± 5.0^d

9.9 ± 3.7^c,d

72-h mortality

Number of dead females after 72 h (delayed mortality)

2

20

13

35

11

32

16

34

Total number of dead females after 72 h

3

392

351

544

164

189

72

167

72-h mortality (%): mean ± SEM

0.1 ± 0.7^d

93.6 ± 0.2^a

83.3 ± 0.9^a,b

88.7 ± 0.2^a,b

37.5 ± 2.9^b,c

14.8 ± 3.9^c,d

7.4 ± 5.1^d

11.9 ± 3.4^c,d

72-h mortality corrected for control (%): mean ± SEM

–

93.6 ± 0.2^a

83.2 ± 0.9^a,b

87.7 ± 0.2^a,b

37.5 ± 2.9^b,c

14.4 ± 3.9^c,d

7.4 ± 5.1^d

11.7 ± 3.4^c,d

Personal protection

Personal protection (%)

–

58.8 ± 3.5^a

60.8 ± 3.8^a

20.2 ± 1.1^b

62.9 ± 4.2^a

9.8 ± 0.7^c

28.8 ± 1.9^b

− 32.6 ± 2.2^d

Killing effect (%)

Killing effect (%)

–

74.8 ± 4.2^a

66.9 ± 4.3^a

104.0 ± 6.3^a

30.8 ± 2.2^b

35.6 ± 1.9^b

13.1 ± 0.9^c

31.4 ± 1.6^b