A review of efficacy and safety of Ugandan anti-malarial plants with application of RITAM score

Angupale, Jimmy R.; Tusiimire, Jonans; Ngwuluka, Ndidi C.

doi:10.1186/s12936-023-04486-6

Malaria Journal

Table 2 RITAM scoring analysis and ranking of selected Ugandan anti-malarial plants based on efficacy and safety data

From: A review of efficacy and safety of Ugandan anti-malarial plants with application of RITAM score

Plant Position	Efficacy & Safety (Rank 1)		Efficacy Only (Rank 2, in vitro + in vivo)		In vitro only (Rank 3, MIC)		In vivo only (Rank 4, % suppression)
Plant Position	Plant	Score	Plants	Score	Plants	Score	Plants	Score
1	Artemisia annua [39, 44, 56]	29	Artemisia annua	23	Artemisia annua	13	Artemisia annua	10
2	Azadirachta indica [79,80,81]	26	Momordica foetida	22	Azadirachta indica	13	Alchornea cordifolia	10
3	Curcuma longa [82, 83]	25	Azadirachta indica	20	Curcuma longa	13	Bidens pilosa	10
4	Carica papaya [84,85,86]	24	Toddalia asiatica	20	Carica papaya	13	Moringa oleifera	9
5	Moringa oleifera [87,88,89]	23	Curcuma longa	19	Momordica foetida	13	Momordica foetida	9
6	Alchornea cordifolia [90 , 91]	21	Tithonia diversifolia	19	Tithonia diversifolia	13	Cymbopogon citratus	8
7	Momordica foetida [72, 92]	21	Carica papaya	18	Microglossa pyrifolia	13	Toddalia asiatica	8
8	Artemisia afra [93, 94]	20	Moringa oleifera	17	Toddalia asiatica	12	Aspilia africana	8
9	Bidens pilosa [95–97]	20	Alchornea cordifolia	15	Hoslundia opposite	12	Ageratum conyzoides	8
10	Cymbopogon citratus [98,99,100]	20	Artemisia afra	14	Clerodendrum rotundifolium	12	Vernonia amygdalina	7
11	Toddalia asiatica [101]	20	Bidens pilosa	14	Acacia nilotica	10	Azadirachta indica	7
12	Aspilia africana [102, 103]	19	Cymbopogon citratus	14	Albizia zygia	10	Artemisia afra	7
13	Tithonia diversifolia [66, 76, 104]	19	Aspilia africana	14	Hallea rubrostipulata	10	Ajuga remota	7
14	Warburgia ugandensis, [105, 106]	19	Vernonia amygdalina	13	Albizia coriaria	10	Curcuma longa	6
15	Vernonia amygdalina [61, 64, 66]	18	Warburgia ugandensis	13	Moringa oleifera	8	Tithonia diversifolia	6
16	Ajuga remota [107]	18	Ageratum conyzoides	13	Artemisia afra	7	Warburgia ugandensis	6
17	Hoslundia opposita [108, 109]	18	Microglossa pyrifolia	13	Warburgia ugandensis	7	Solanum nigrum	6
18	Solanum nigrum [110, 111]	17	Ajuga remota	12	Harrisonia abyssinica	7	Carica papaya	5
19	Acacia nilotica [112]	16	Hoslundia opposita	12	Cymbopogon citratus	6	Ocimum basilicum	5
20	Ageratum conyzoides [113, 114]	16	Clerodendrum rotundifolium	12	Aspilia africana	6	Zanthoxylum chalybeum	4
21	Albizia zygia [110, 115, 116]	16	Solanum nigrum	11	Vernonia amygdalina	6	Maytenus senegalenses	4
22	Hallea rubrostipulata [117, 118]	16	Acacia nilotica	10	Zanthoxylum chalybeum	6	Erythrina abyssinica	3
23	Ocimum basilicum [99, 119]	14	Albizia zygia	10	Erythrina abyssinica	6	Vernonia lasiopus	1
24	Microglossa pyrifolia [72]	13	Hallea rubrostipulata	10	Alchornea cordifolia	5	Hoslundia opposita	0
25	Zanthoxylum chalybeum [120–122]	13	Zanthoxylum chalybeum	10	Ajuga remota	5	Acacia nilotica	0
26	Clerodendrum rotundifolium [72]	12	Albizia coriaria	10	Solanum nigrum	5	Albizia zygia	0
27	Cajanus cajan [123]	11	Erythrina abyssinica	9	Ageratum conyzoides	5	Hallea rubrostipulata	0
28	Teclea nobilis [124, 125]	11	Ocimum basilicum	8	Cajanus cajan	5	Microglossa pyrifolia	0
29	Erythrina abyssinica [126]	9	Maytenus senegalenses	8	Teclea nobilis	5	Clerodendrum rotundifolium	0
30	Vernonia lasiopus [122,123,, 123, 127,129,129]	9	Harrisonia abyssinica	7	Baccharoides adoensis	5	Cajanus cajan	0
31	Maytenus senegalenses [130,132,132]	8	Cajanus cajan	5	Tagetes minuta	5	Teclea nobilis	0
32	Antiaris toxicaria [124, 133]	7	Teclea nobilis	5	Bidens pilosa	4	Antiaris toxicaria	0
33	Harrisonia abyssinica [134]	7	Baccharoides adoensis	5	Maytenus senegalenses	4	Harrisonia abyssinica	0
34	Leonotis nepetifolia [124, 135]	7	Tagetes minuta	5	Ocimum basilicum	3	Leonotis nepetifolia	0
35	Baccharoides adoensis [136]	5	Vernonia lasiopus	4	Vernonia lasiopus	3	Baccharoides adoensis	0
36	Tagetes minuta [137]	5	Aloe dawei	3	Aloe dawei	3	Tagetes minuta	0
37	Albizia coriaria [138]	3	Markhamia lutea	3	Markhamia lutea	3	Albizia coriaria	0
38	Aloe dawei [139]	3	Justicia betonica	2	Justicia betonica	2	Aloe dawei	0
39	Markhamia lutea [124]	3	Lantana trifolia	2	Lantana trifolia	2	Markhamia lutea	0
40	Justicia betonica [140]	2	Antiaris toxicaria	1	Antiaris toxicaria	1	Justicia betonica	0
41	Lantana trifolia [127]	2	Leonotis nepetifolia	1	Leonotis nepetifolia	1	Lantana trifolia	0

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ISSN: 1475-2875

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