Table 3 Prevalence of malaria infection by risk factor and malaria indicator survey year

Sex

 Male

13.8

12.3–15.3

0.0005

10.9

9.8–12.1

0.0109

 Female

11.9

10.5–13.5

9.7

8.6–10.8

Age group

  < 5 years of age

8.8

7.5–10.3

 < 0.0001

7.8

6.5–9.5

 < 0.0001

 5–9 years

17.8

15.3–20.6

13.5

11.7–15.5

 10–14 years

21.8

19.0–24.9

16.5

14.3–18.9

 15–19 years

18.3

16.1–20.8

14.8

12.9–17.3

 20–29 years

11.2

10.0–12.7

9.4

8.2–10.8

 30–39 years

8.3

6.9–9.9

8.2

7.0–9.8

 40–49 years

8.5

6.7–10.8

8.0

6.3–10.2

 50–59 years

7.7

5.6–10.7

5.4

3.8–8.1

  > 60 years of age

5.3

3.5–7.9

3.4

2.4–4.8

Community location

 Urban

12.0

10.6–13.6

0.0090

10.9

8.3–14.3

0.6014

 Rural

17.0

13.5–21.3

10.1

9.1–11.2

Socioeconomic Status

 Poorest

13.6

11.3–16.1

0.0001

10.4

8.9–12.0

0.1809

 2nd

13.6

11.8–15.5

10.8

9.5–12.4

 3rd

14.2

12.4–16.3

10.8

9.3–12.5

 Wealthiest

9.4

8.1–10.8

8.9

7.5–10.6

Household density

 Very low density

8.6

7.1–10.4

 < 0.0001

7.7

6.6–9.1

 < 0.0001

 Low density

10.5

8.8–12.4

8.5

7.2–9.9

 Medium density

13.8

12.2–15.5

10.3

9.1–11.6

 High density

17.1

14.8–19.7

11.6

9.2–14.5

 Very high density

15.9

12.6–19.9

15.7

13.1–18.7

LLIN use

 Yes

10.8

9.5–12.2

 < 0.0001

8.3

7.4–9.4

 < 0.0001

 No

14.9

13.2–16.8

12.8

11.4–14.3

Travel to mainland, EG

 Yes

28.7

26.0–31.6

 < 0.0001

30.4

25.7–35.6

 < 0.0001

 No

10.9

9.6–12.4

9.2

8.4–10.2

House has open eaves

 Yes

11.9

10.7–13.3

0.0084

10.9

9.4–12.5

0.2758

 No

14.6

12.4–17.2

9.9

8.9–11.1

House has air conditioning

 Yes

9.2

7.5–11.3

0.0008

10.3

8.6–12.3

0.9576

 No

13.3

11.9–14.9

10.4

9.2–11.3

Environmental covariates

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

 TCB

0.52 (0.09)

0.37 (0.03)

 TCW

0.00 (0.03)

− 0.02 (0.02)

 Elevation (meters)

103 (172.49)

110 (190)

 Temperature (C)

22.88 (3.78)

23.36 (2.23)

 EVI

0.27 (0.14)

0.29 (0.16)

 Slope

7.97 (4.61)

7.99 (4.65)