Table 3 Measures of association and variation showing effects on utilization of malaria preventive intervention

Maternal age

 15–24^RC

–

–

–

–

–

 25–34

1.15

0.88–1.50

0.92–1.57

1.67

0.90–1.51

 35 + 

1.21

0.87–1.69

0.95–1.81

1.24

0.91–1.70

Maternal education

 None^RC

–

–

–

–

–

 Primary

1.11

0.82–1.49

0.83–1.50

1.10

0.83–1.46

 Secondary

1.25

0.92–1.70

0.96–1.78

1.26

0.93–1.69

 Higher

1.01

0.63–1.59

0.66–1.67

0.99

0.64–1.55

Parity

 Nulliparity^RC

–

–

–

–

–

 Primiparity

2.60***

1.82–3.71

1.76–3.59

2.60***

1.85–3.66

 Multiparity

2.77***

2.03–3.73

1.92–3.52

2.60***

1.95–3.48

 Grand multiparity

3.40***

2.40–4.83

2.24–4.50

3.09***

2.21–4.33

Household wealth quintile

 Poorest^RC

–

–

–

–

–

 Poorer

1.23

0.88–1.72

0.90–1.75

1.13

0.83–1.55

 Middle

1.32

0.90–1.94

1.03–2.29

1.39

0.96–2.01

 Richer

0.91

0.58–1.42

0.79–2.10

1.12

0.71–1.77

 Richest

0.53**

0.30–0.93

0.47–1.58

0.73

0.41–1.28

Household size

 Small^RC

–

–

–

–

–

 Large

0.34***

0.26–0.44

0.25–0.41

0.22***

0.17–0.29

Geopolitical zone of residence

 North-Central^RC

–

–

–

 North-East

2.14–5.28

2.38***

1.59–3.56

 North-West

1.43–3.40

1.68***

1.14–2.47

Type of place of residence

 Urban^RC

–

–

–

 Rural

0.74–1.60

1.01

0.71–1.43

Proportion of under-five children in the community who slept under bed net

 Low^RC

–

–

–

 Middle

2.77–6.12

3.66***

2.57–5.20

 High

4.63–11.09

5.79***

3.93–8.52

Community literacy level

 Low^RC

–

–

–

 Middle

0.81–1.85

1.23

0.85–1.78

 High

0.64–1.86

1.08

0.67–1.74

Number of mosquito bed nets in the household

 0–2^RC

-

-

 3–5

4.25***

3.28–5.52

 6 + 

11.47***

7.13–18.45

Number of sleeping rooms in the household

 1–3^RC

–

–

 4–7

0.46***

0.35–0.61

 8 + 

0.21***

0.10–0.44

 Log likelihood

− 3366.2

− 3244.6

− 3179.4

− 3085.8

 AIC

6738.5

6525.3

6412.7

6233.9

 LR test

χ² = 686.0, p < 0.01

χ² = 643.6, p < 0.01

χ² = 448.2, p < 0.01

χ² = 311.3, p < 0.01

 ICC

0.335 (33.5%)

0.355 (35.5%)

0.216 (21.6%)

0.164 (16.4%)