Predictors of mosquito bed net use among children under-fives in Ghana: a multilevel analysis of the 2019 malaria indicator survey

Aheto, Justice Moses K.; Babah, Rahmatu; Dzokoto, Maxwell Kwame; Kwarah, Williams; Alhassan, Yakubu

doi:10.1186/s12936-023-04634-y

Table 1 Percentage distribution of children under-five by bed net use and selected background characteristics, and bivariate analysis (n = 2372^a)

From: Predictors of mosquito bed net use among children under-fives in Ghana: a multilevel analysis of the 2019 malaria indicator survey

Characteristics	Total	Bed net use		Design effect adjusted chi-square test
	N = 2372	No use	Used
	%^C	% [95% CI]^R	% [95% CI]^R
Overall	100.0	42.6 [38.9, 46.5]	57.4 [53.5, 61.1]
Number of under 5 children in household				χ2 = 11.75, p < 0.001
1	40.5	39.2 [34.6, 44.0]	60.8 [56.0, 65.4]
2	38.8	37.9 [33.5, 42.5]	62.1 [57.5, 66.5]
3 +	20.7	58.3 [48.9, 67.2]	41.7 [32.8, 51.1]
Sex of child				χ2 = 1.88, p = 0.172
Male	51.3	44.3 [39.5, 49.3]	55.7 [50.7, 60.5]
Female	48.7	40.8 [36.7, 45.1]	59.2 [54.9, 63.3]
Child’s age				χ2 = 1.54, p = 0.199
0	21.7	42.6 [37.5, 47.8]	57.4 [52.2, 62.5]
1	21.4	37.7 [32.6, 43.0]	62.3 [57.0, 67.4]
2	21.1	42.7 [35.8, 49.8]	57.3 [50.2, 64.2]
3	18.4	43.4 [36.3, 50.8]	56.6 [49.2, 63.7]
4	17.4	47.9 [41.1, 54.8]	52.1 [45.2, 58.9]
Education				χ2 = 0.67, p = 0.534
No education	22.7	42.4 [32.8, 52.7]	57.6 [47.3, 67.2]
Primary	21.8	40.0 [34.1, 46.1]	60.0 [53.9, 65.9]
Secondary	50.8	42.9 [38.0, 47.9]	57.1 [52.1, 62.0]
Higher	4.7	53.1 [38.6, 67.0]	46.9 [33.0, 61.4]
Respondents age				χ2 = 0.71, p = 0.539
< 25	21.2	38.8 [31.9, 46.1]	61.2 [53.9, 68.1]
25–34	50.5	43.7 [38.7, 48.8]	56.3 [51.2, 61.3]
35–44	25.6	43.0 [36.9, 49.4]	57.0 [50.6, 63.1]
45 +	2.7	49.2 [32.9, 65.7]	50.8 [34.3, 67.1]
Region				χ2 = 6.46, p < 0.001
Western	10.5	28.1 [20.0, 38.0]	71.9 [62.0, 80.0]
Central	7.6	40.2 [31.7, 49.3]	59.8 [50.7, 68.3]
Greater	11.3	69.5 [60.8, 77.0]	30.5 [23.0, 39.2]
Volta	12.1	32.1 [23.6, 42.0]	67.9 [58.0, 76.4]
Eastern	10.4	52.7 [36.9, 68.0]	47.3 [32.0, 63.1]
Ashanti	16.1	41.7 [31.6, 52.6]	58.3 [47.4, 68.4]
Brong Ahafo	9.3	33.4 [22.8, 46.0]	66.6 [54.0, 77.2]
Northern	14.9	50.1 [41.9, 58.3]	49.9 [41.7, 58.1]
Upper East	4.6	31.9 [22.3, 43.4]	68.1 [56.6, 77.7]
Upper West	3.1	19.4 [14.4, 25.6]	80.6 [74.4, 85.6]
Residence				χ2 = 31.98, p < 0.001
Urban	38.8	56.5 [50.3, 62.5]	43.5 [37.5, 49.7]
Rural	61.2	33.8 [29.2, 38.8]	66.2 [61.2, 70.8]
Religion				χ2 = 1.76, p = 0.177
Christian	74.9	42.3 [37.9, 46.8]	57.7 [53.2, 62.1]
Islam	20.9	46.4 [38.6, 54.4]	53.6 [45.6, 61.4]
Other	4.2	30.1 [19.6, 43.2]	69.9 [56.8, 80.4]
Ethnicity				χ2 = 1.04, p = 0.370
Akan	40.3	44.0 [38.6, 49.6]	56.0 [50.4, 61.4]
Ewe	16	37.2 [29.7, 45.5]	62.8 [54.5, 70.3]
Mole-Dag	21.4	39.7 [32.1, 47.9]	60.3 [52.1, 67.9]
Others	22.3	46.7 [37.6, 56.1]	53.3 [43.9, 62.4]
Wealth				χ2 = 18.31, p < 0.001
Poor/poorest	47.2	32.4 [27.2, 38.2]	67.6 [61.8, 72.8]
Middle	20.5	43.1 [36.8, 49.6]	56.9 [50.4, 63.2]
Rich/richest	32.3	57.2 [50.5, 63.7]	42.8 [36.3, 49.5]
Access to water				χ2 = 11.16, p = 0.001
Improved	36.7	50.5 [44.0, 57.0]	49.5 [43.0, 56.0]
Unimproved	63.3	38.1 [33.9, 42.5]	61.9 [57.5, 66.1]
Access to toilet facility				χ2 = 10.96, p = 0.001
Improved	37.8	34.4 [28.8, 40.4]	65.6 [59.6, 71.2]
Unimproved	62.2	47.6 [42.6, 52.7]	52.4 [47.3, 57.4]
Main floor material				χ2 = 3.23, p = 0.042
Cement	59.6	39.6 [35.1, 44.3]	60.4 [55.7, 64.9]
Floor carpet	24	50.5 [43.1, 57.8]	49.5 [42.2, 56.9]
Other	16.4	42.1 [33.5, 51.3]	57.9 [48.7, 66.5]
Main wall material				χ2 = 4.34, p = 0.017
Cement blocks/bricks	77.3	45.2 [41.0, 49.5]	54.8 [50.5, 59.0]
Wood	3.4	29.1 [17.9, 43.5]	70.9 [56.5, 82.1]
Other	19.2	34.5 [26.6, 43.4]	65.5 [56.6, 73.4]
Main roof material				χ2 = 0.01, p = 0.923
Other	10	43.0 [34.6, 52.0]	57.0 [48.0, 65.4]
Zinc/Alu	90	42.6 [38.7, 46.6]	57.4 [53.4, 61.3]
Sex of household head				χ2 = 0.28, p = 0.600
Female	70.6	42.1 [38.1, 46.2]	57.9 [53.8, 61.9]
Male	29.4	43.9 [37.5, 50.5]	56.1 [49.5, 62.5]
Age of household head				χ2 = 1.69, p = 0.170
< 25	4.1	26.8 [15.3, 42.5]	73.2 [57.5, 84.7]
25–34	30.9	41.6 [35.4, 48.1]	58.4 [51.9, 64.6]
35–44	30.7	42.8 [36.2, 49.6]	57.2 [50.4, 63.8]
45 +	34.3	45.3 [40.4, 50.4]	54.7 [49.6, 59.6]
Literacy of respondents				χ2 = 3.37, p = 0.068
Cannot read	53.2	39.6 [34.7, 44.7]	60.4 [55.3, 65.3]
Can read	46.8	46.1 [40.9, 51.4]	53.9 [48.6, 59.1]
Covered by health insurance				χ2 = 0.28, p = 0.751
No	45	43.7 [38.6, 48.9]	56.3 [51.1, 61.4]
Yes	55	41.7 [37.3, 46.3]	58.3 [53.7, 62.7]
Heard malaria messages				χ2 = 0.47, p = 0.495
No	40.4	41.2 [35.9, 46.8]	58.8 [53.2, 64.1]
Yes	59.6	43.6 [38.9, 48.3]	56.4 [51.7, 61.1]
Heard malaria messages on radio				χ2 = 1.31, p = 0.254
No	76.2	41.5 [37.5, 45.7]	58.5 [54.3, 62.5]
Yes	23.8	46.1 [39.0, 53.4]	53.9 [46.6, 61.0]
Heard malaria messages on tv				χ2 = 7.76, p = 0.006
No	63.7	39.2 [34.9, 43.7]	60.8 [56.3, 65.1]
Yes	36.3	48.6 [43.0, 54.3]	51.4 [45.7, 57.0]
Number of mosquito nets in household				χ2 = 12.30, p < 0.001
1 net	21.6	58.3 [51.1, 65.0]	41.7 [35.0, 48.9]
2 nets	28.2	34.4 [29.7, 39.5]	65.6 [60.5,70.3]
3 nets	23.2	44.1 [37.2, 51.3]	55.9 [48.7, 62.8]
4 + nets	27	37.4 [31.9, 43.4]	62.6 [56.6, 68.1]
Household size				χ2 = 9.42, p < 0.001
2–3 members	14.5	37.0 [30.0, 44.7]	63.0 [55.3, 70.0]
4–6 members	50.4	41.0 [35.9, 46.3]	59.0 [53.7, 64.1]
7–9 members	24.2	38.8 [33.3, 44.6]	61.2 [55.4, 66.7]
10 + members	10.8	66.5 [55.1, 76.3]	33.5 [23.7, 44.9]
Number of persons per mosquito net				χ2 = 19.35, p < 0.001
≤ 2 persons per net	48.5	35.1 [30.4, 40.2]	64.9 [59.8, 69.6]
> 2 persons per net	51.5	49.7 [44.7, 54.7]	50.3 [45.3, 55.3]

^C Column percentage, ^R Row percentage, CI confidence interval
^aRestricted to households with at least one bed net

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