Table 3 Multivariable associations between malaria exposure in the first 6 months and incidence of malaria after 6 months of age
Any malaria incidence | Clinical malaria incidence | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted IRR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted IRR (95% CI) | P-value | |
Any malaria exposure | ||||
Any malaria | ||||
None | REF | 0.009 | REF | < 0.0001 |
Malaria | 1.27 (1.06–1.52) | 1.76 (1.42–2.19) | ||
Study site | ||||
Liwonde | REF | < 0.0001 | REF | < 0.0001 |
Mfera | 3.52 (2.83–3.90) | 6.98 (5.37–9.08) | ||
Season of birth | ||||
Dry | REF | 0.03 | REF | 0.0002 |
Rainy | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) | 0.72 (0.57–0.92) | ||
Maternal age | ||||
Per unit increase | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | < 0.0001 | 0.92 (0.90–0.95) | < 0.0001 |
Gravidity | ||||
Per unit increase | 1.13 (1.05–1.20) | < .0.0001 | 1.13 (1.04–1.22) | 0.005 |
Asymptomatic P. falciparum exposure | ||||
Asymp. Pf infection | ||||
None | REF | < 0.0001 | REF | 0.002 |
Pf infection | 1.53 (1.26–1.85) | 1.56 (1.18–2.07) | ||
Study site | ||||
Liwonde | REF | < 0.0001 | REF | < 0.0001 |
Mfera | 3.24 (2.71–3.89) | 7.41 (5.44–10.07) | ||
Season of birth | ||||
Dry | REF | 0.001 | REF | 0.0004 |
Rainy | 0.71 (0.58–0.87) | 0.55 (0.40–0.77) | ||
Maternal age | ||||
Per unit increase | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | < 0.0001 | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | < 0.0001 |
Gravidity | ||||
Per unit increase | 1.13 (1.05–1.22) | 0.001 | 1.19 (1.07–1.31) | 0.0009 |
Clinical malaria exposure | ||||
Clinical malaria | ||||
None | REF | < 0.0001 | REF | < 0.0001 |
Clinical malaria | 1.64 (1.38–1.94) | 1.85 (1.48–2.32) | ||
Study site | ||||
Liwonde | REF | < 0.0001 | REF | < 0.0001 |
Mfera | 3.19 (2.71–3.75) | 6.58 (5.04–8.60) | ||
Season of birth | ||||
Dry | REF | 0.02 | REF | 0.002 |
Rainy | 0.83 (0.70–0.97) | 0.69 (0.54–0.87) | ||
Maternal age | ||||
Per unit increase | 0.95 (0.93–0.96) | < 0.0001 | 0.93 (0.90–0.95) | < 0.0001 |
Gravidity | ||||
Per unit increase | 1.11 (1.05–1.18) | 0.0005 | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) | 0.006 |