Evolution of genetic markers for drug resistance after the introduction of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine as first-line anti-malarial treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Indonesia

Table 4 Summary of PfK13, pfcrt, pfmdr1 SNP frequencies, pfpm2/3 and pfmdr1 CNVs in Sumba and Papua

Gene	Haplotype	(All) total		Total Sumba		Sumba														Total Papua		Papua
		(All) total		Total Sumba		Year 2010		2011		2012		2015		2016		2017		2018		Total Papua		Year 2020		2021
		Number	%^a	Number	%^a	Number	%^a	Number	%^a	Number	%^a	Number	%^a	Number	%^a	Number	%^a	Number	%^a	Number	%^a	Number	%^a	Number	%^a
PfK13 Total n = 101	L396F	1	1	1	20	0	0	0	0	1	20	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	I526V	1	1	1	16.7	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	16.7	0	0	0	0	0	0
	N537S	1	1	1	20	0	0	0	0	1	20	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	M579I	1	1	1	20	0	0	0	0	1	20	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	WT	97	96	46	92	20	100	5	100	2	40	5	100	4	100	5	100	6	100	51	100	27	100	24	100
pfcrt Total n: 31	I356L	22	71	18	95	3	15	3	60	4	80	3	60	2	50	3	60	0	0	4	33.3	2	50	2	25
pfcrt Total n: 31	WT	9	29	1	5.3	17	85	2	40	1	20	2	40	2	50	2	40	0	0	8	66.7	2	50	6	75
pfmdr1 Total n = 93 Positions 1034, 1042, 1246	SDD	19	20.4	15	31.3	3	15.8	4	80	2	40	3	75	1	33.3	2	40	0	0	4	8.9	3	10.3	1	6.3
pfmdr1 Total n = 93 Positions 1034, 1042, 1246	SND	74	79.6	33	68.8	16	84.2	1	20	3	60	1	25	2	66.7	3	60	5	100	41	91.1	26	89.7	15	93.8
pfpm2/3 CNV Total n = 98	Single copy	83	84.7	39	83.0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	75	2	40	2	33.3	44	86.3	24	77.4	20	100
pfpm2/3 CNV Total n = 98	Multiple copies	15	15.3	8	17.0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	25	3	60	4	66.7	7	13.7	7	22.6	0	0
pfmdr1 CNV Total n = 80	Single copy	76	95.0	45	95.7	0	0	4	80	4	80	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	31	94	18	94.7	14	100
pfmdr1 CNV Total n = 80	Multiple copies	3	3.8	2	4.3	0	0	1	20	1	20	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	3	1	5.3	0	0

^aFrequency data are presented as the percentage of sequences that carried a mutation out of the total number successfully sequence

ISSN: 1475-2875