From: Assessment of malaria risk in Southeast Asia: a systematic review
References | Environmental and climatic variables | Data collection for the Environmental and climatic variables | Dependent variables | Analysis techniques | Quantification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nixon et al. [9] | 1. Location of households | Field observation | The distance between households and larval habitats | Hierarchical logistic regression models | Odds Ratio or Relative Risk |
 | 2. Location of larval habitats |  |  |  |  |
Fornace et al. [13] | 1. Elevation | Satellite images | Malaria reported cases | Multivariate logistic regression | Odds Ratio or Relative Risk |
 | 2. Distance from house to forest |  |  |  |  |
Ahmad et al. [31] | 1. Location of households | Field observation | The distance between households and larval habitats | The abundance of larva | Others: The percentage of the vectors |
 | 2. Location of larval habitats |  |  |  |  |
Durnez et al. [28] | The characteristics of land covers in capture locations (forest plot, village) | Field observation | The density of mosquitoes (e.g. man biting rate (MBR)) | Non-parametric classification and regression tree models | The relative importance (RI) score of discriminants that affect the mosquitoes' abundance |
Ninphanomchai et al. [20] | Monthly meteorological data (rainfall, temperature, and humidity) | Field observation | Malaria reported cases | Poisson regression | Correlation, regression, or other coefficients |
Xu et al. [25] | The characteristics of land covers around households (Hilly zone, Larval habitats within 100Â m, Vegetation nearby) | Field observation | Malaria reported cases | Matched univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses | Odds Ratio or Relative Risk |
Sluydts et al. [14] | Location of malaria infection cases | Field observation | Malaria reported cases | Spatial clusters of malaria cases | Other: Prevalence of malaria infection from different villages |
Lawpoolsri et al. [15] | Light forest coverage | Satellite images | Malaria reported cases | Multivariate generalized linear mixed models | Odds Ratio or Relative Risk |
Zhao et al. [16] | 1. Forest cover | Satellite images | Risk score of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (weighted linear combination) | Multi-criteria decision analysis | Correlation, regression, or other coefficients |
 | 2. Crop land |  |  |  |  |
 | 3. Water body |  |  |  |  |
 | 4. Elevation |  |  |  |  |
 | 5. Urbanization |  |  |  |  |
 | 6. Distance to road |  |  |  |  |
 | 7. Distance to health facilities |  |  |  |  |
Fornace et al. [10] | Coverage of forest | Satellite images | Malaria reported cases | Bayesian hierarchical model | Prevalence of malaria |
Jeffree et al. [11] | The presence of breed sites (stagnant water) | Field observation | Malaria reported cases | Multiple logistic regression | Odds Ratio or Relative Risk |
Okami and Kohtake [21] | 1. NDVI | Satellite images | Malaria reported cases | Generalized linear regression model | Correlation, regression, or other coefficients |
 | 2. NDWI |  |  | Inverse Distance Weight (for interpolation) |  |
 | 3. TWI |  |  |  |  |
 | 4. annual average temperature |  |  |  |  |
Inthavong et al. [26] | The presence of breed sites (cattle near household) | Field observation | Malaria reported cases | Generalized linear regression model | Odds Ratio or Relative Risk |
Grigg et al. [27] | The characteristics of land covers (tall grass, young forest, rice paddy field) | Field observation | Malaria reported cases | Logistic regression models | Odds Ratio or Relative Risk |
Kaewpitoon et al. [24] | 1. Land used (agriculture areas, number of houses, water reservoirs, forest areas) | Field observation | Malaria reported cases | Multiple regression | Correlation, regression, or other coefficients |
 | 2. Anopheles adult density in villages with reported cases |  |  |  |  |
 | 3. Average annual rainfall, average annual temperature, and annual relative humidity |  |  |  |  |
Van Bortel et al. [29] | The characteristics of land covers where the mosquitoes were collected (forest, village, and a route between the forest and village) | Field observation | The density of mosquitoes | Negative binomial regression | The mean density of biting rate per night between of the village and forest areas |
Zhang et al. [32] | Land covers: types of forest in villages | Satellite images | The density and diversity of mosquitoes | The abundance of mosquitoes and the indicator of species diversity | The diversity indices of mosquitos (Simpson’s diversity index and Shannon–Wiener’s index) |
Sato et al. [17] | 1. Wetland | Field observation | Malaria reported cases | Generalized linear mixture model | Prevalence of malaria infection using different land cover types |
 | 2. Monoculture palm oil plantation |  |  |  |  |
 | 3. Mosaic oil palm plantation |  |  |  |  |
 | 4. Monoculture rubber plantation |  |  |  |  |
 | 5. Dense forest |  |  |  |  |
 | 6. Degraded forest |  |  |  |  |
 | 7. Bush, cropland mosaic |  |  |  |  |
Hasyim et al. [18] | 1. Altitude | Field observation | Malaria reported cases | 1. Ordinary least squares | Correlation, regression, or other coefficients |
 | 2. Distance from river |  |  | 2. Geographically weighted regression |  |
 | 3. Distance from lake and pond |  |  |  |  |
 | 4. Distance from forests |  |  |  |  |
 | 5. Annual rainfall |  |  |  |  |
Mercado et al. [12] | 1. Land covers: forest coverage | Satellite images | Malaria reported cases | Pearson's correlation analysis | Correlation, regression, or other coefficients |
 | 2. Meteorological data: aggregate monthly temp, rainfall, humidity |  |  |  |  |
Wangdi et al. [22] | Meteorological data (Maximum temperature without lag time) | Field observation | Malaria reported cases | Zero-inflated Poisson regression | Odds Ratio or Relative Risk |
Fornace et al. [19] | The coverage of forest | Field observation | Malaria reported cases | General linearized mixed models with a negative binomial distribution | Odds Ratio or Relative Risk |
Tangena et al. [33] | 1. Immature rubber plants | Satellite images | The density of mosquitoes | Generalized estimating equations | Odds Ratio or Relative Risk |
 | 2. Mature rubber plants |  |  |  |  |
 | 3. Villages |  |  |  |  |
 | 4. Secondary forests |  |  |  |  |
 | 5. Season (wet and dry seasons) |  |  |  |  |
Fornace et al. [30] | 1. EVI | Satellite images | The density of mosquitoes | Bayesian model with Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation | Correlation, regression, or other coefficients |
 | 2. Distance to the forest |  |  |  |  |
Yang et al. [23] | 1. Annual average temperature | Field observation | Malaria reported cases | Geographically weighted regression | Correlation, regression, or other coefficients |
 | 2. Annual cumulative rainfall |  |  |  |  |
 | 3. Rice yield per square kilometer |  |  |  |  |