Table 3 Risk factors associated with Plasmodium infection in U2 in Haho district (N = 685)

Child’s characteristics

 Age

  10–16 months

87/302 (28.8)

Ref

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  17–23 months

133/383 (34.7)

0.76

0.50, 1.14

0.74

0.49, 1.11

0.76

0.48, 1.21

0.76

0.49, 1.18

 Sleeping under a bed net the night before

  Yes

168/541 (31.1)

–

–

–

–

  No

52/144 (36.1)

1.27

0.88, 1.83

1.24

0.85, 1.81

 Immunization status

  Fully immunized

117/403 (29.0)

–

–

–

–

  Partially immunized

66/187 (35.3)

1.51

0.80, 2.85

1.14

0.47, 2.73

  Not immunized

37/95 (38.9)

1.33

0.85, 2.10

1.12

0.59, 2.13

 Vitamin A uptake

  Yes

122/421 (29.0)

–

–

–

–

  No

98/264 (37.1)

1.43

0.91, 2.25

1.29

0.61, 2.73

Caretaker’s characteristics

 Age

  < 27 years

94/300 (31.3)

–

–

–

–

  \(\ge\) 27 years

126/385 (32.7)

1.08

0.75, 1.54

0.88

0.60, 1.29

 Marital status

  Married/in union

210/654 (32.1)

–

–

–

–

  No partner

10/31 (32.3)

1.01

0.44, 2.31

0.49

0.20, 1.18

 Educational level

  Secondary or above

31/135 (23.0)

–

–

–

–

  Primary

84/261 (32.2)

1.57

1.01, 2.44

0.92

0.46, 1.83

  No formal education

105/288 (36.3)

1.95

1.19, 3.18

1.32

0.46, 1.83

 Source of income

  Formally-employed

12/32 (37.5)

–

–

–

–

   Self-employed

190/608 (31.2)

0.81

0.43, 1.52

0.76

0.32, 1.80

   No income

18/45 (40.0)

1.18

0.49, 2.83

1.24

0.47, 3.26

 Literacy

  Fully literate

33/143 (23.1)

–

–

–

–

  Partially literate

67/189(35.4)

1.81

1.03, 3.18

1.43

0.68, 3.01

  Illiterate

120/353 (34.0)

1.73

1.00, 3.01

0.91

0.38, 2.18

 Religion

  Christian

115/409 (28.1)

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Animist

89/211 (42.2)

1.91

1.33, 2.73

1.72

1.15, 2.56

1.71

1.19, 2.46

  Other

16/65(24.6)

0.86

0.50, 1.48

0.82

0.42, 1.62

0.75

0.41, 1.37

 Ethnic group

  Ewe

47/151 (31.1)

–

–

–

–

  Adja

85/241 (35.3)

1.21

0.71, 2.08

0.96

0.53, 1.73

  Kabve

40/149 (26.8)

0.84

0.44, 1.60

0.75

0.38, 1.50

  Lamba

24/55 (43.6)

1.73

0.90, 3.33

1.88

0.92, 3.84

  Other/unknown

24/89 (27.0)

0.81

0.42, 1.56

0.79

0.38, 1.65

 Possession of child’s EPI card

  Yes

124/399 (31.1)

–

–

–

–

  No

96/286 (33.6)

1.10

0.76, 1.59

0.91

0.60, 1.38

Household head’s characteristics

 Relationship with the child

  Father

160/529 (30.2)

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Mother

43/83 (51.8)

2.47

1.50, 4.07

2.51

1.39, 4.56

2.39

1.43, 3.99

  Another family member

17/73 (23.3)

0.68

0.40, 1.15

0.58

0.34, 0.99

0.63

0.37, 1.06

 Educational level

  Secondary or above

39/183 (21.3)

–

–

–

–

  Primary

84/239 (35.1)

2.04

1.32, 3.15

1.60

0.93, 2.74

  No formal education

97/263 (36.9)

2.17

1.36, 3.46

1.57

0.84, 2.93

 Source of income

  Formal employment

6/37 (16.2)

–

–

–

–

  Self-employed

192/600 (32.0)

2.73

1.04, 7.14

1.85

0.71, 4.83

  No income

22/48 (45.8)

4.85

1.62, 14.6

1.76

0.49, 6.30

Household’s characteristics

 Number of U5 living in the household

  1

124/427 (29.0)

–

–

–

–

   ≥ 2

96/258 (37.2)

1.46

1.01, 2.11

1.44

1.01, 2.07

 Distance from the village to the nearest health facility

   < 5 km

77/301 (25.6)

–

–

–

–

   ≥ 5 km

143/384 (37.2)

1.75

1.15, 2.66

1.60

1.04, 2.44