Fig. 7

Inhibition of P. falciparum NF54 parasite development by anti-cd-HAP polyclonal antibodies in An. stephensi mosquitoes. Mouse sera from different vaccine groups (groups 1 to 5), collected on day 38 after the first immunization, were pooled (n = 9) and combined with mature P. falciparum NF54 cultured gametocytes. The mixture was then fed to An. stephensi mosquitoes (n = 50/cup) in standard membrane feeding assays (SMFAs). Negative control was conducted using pooled normal mouse serum (NMS) (n = 30 randomly selected from 160 female BALB/c mice before immunization). Oocyst counts, which indicate the successful development of P. falciparum in An. stephensi mosquitoes, were recorded by dissecting the mosquitoes’ midguts on days 9 to 10 after feeding. Two separate membrane feeds were done for each vaccine group (groups 1 to 5) and the oocyst counts were pooled for statistical analysis. The dots on the graph represent the oocyst count distribution. The table provides information on the prevalence of infected mosquitoes in each group, the range and mean number of oocysts, the percent inhibition relative to the NMS control group, and multiple comparisons between different vaccine groups and the NMS control group. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Mann–Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test to estimate the differences in infection intensity and prevalence, respectively. All P values were adjusted with Bonferroni correction analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant and shown in bold