Fig. 2

Visual results from testing algorithms with the Tak Province. Anomaly detection algorithms tested with Tak provincial malaria data from 2012 to 2022. a the statistical profiling method shows 3 standard deviation bands. Observations falling outside the 3 standard deviation bands are classified as anomalous. b the predictive confidence interval method is used to create 3 standard deviation bands from the mean standard error. Observations falling outside the 3 standard deviation band are classified as anomalous. c the unsupervised method using DBSCAN is used to cluster observations. Observations in cluster 0 (smallest cluster) are defined as anomalous while observations in cluster 1 are not. d the weekly cumulative case comparison method is used to compare observations. Weeks where cumulative cases are higher than the previous year’s weekly cases (blue) are classified as anomalous