Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for bivariate and multivariable unconditional logistic regression (health facility controls) and conditional logistic regression (community controls)
Variable | Health facility controls | Community controls | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | |
Demographic variables | ||||||||
Gender | Female as reference | |||||||
Male | – | – | – | – | 10.38 (3.09–34.85) | < 0.0001 | 1.25 (0.19–7.99) | 0.81 |
Age categories | ||||||||
15–29 | Reference | – | – | Reference | – | – | ||
30–45 | 1.50 (0.66–3.40) | 0.33 | – | – | 1.59 (0.60–4.22) | 0.35 | – | – |
45–59 | 1.33 (0.49–3.61) | 0.57 | – | – | 1.12 (0.30–4.21) | 0.87 | – | – |
Education | ||||||||
None or elementary | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Post-elementary or higher | 0.45 (0.23–0.89) | 0.022 | 0.98 (0.40–2.40) | 1.00 | 0.56 (0.21–1.53) | 0.26 | 0.51 (0.08–3.45) | 0.49 |
Occupation | ||||||||
Farming | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Logging, mining, or other outdoors | 4.59 (2.07–10.18) | < 0.0001 | 1.20 (0.41–3.53) | 0.73 | 32.90 (8.23–131.51) | < 0.0001 | 12.04 (0.89–162.5) | 0.061 |
Other | 0.54 (0.18–1.63) | 0.27 | 1.10 (0.26–4.75) | 0.90 | 0.43 (0.12–1.50) | 0.19 | 0.99 (0.12–8.26) | 0.99 |
SES | ||||||||
Higher SES* | 0.80 (0.65–0.99) | 0.044 | 0.76 (0.57–1.02) | 0.068 | 1.46 (1.06–2.00) | 0.020 | 1.66 (0.95–2.89) | 0.073 |
Community exposures | ||||||||
Net use prior night | ||||||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | – | – | |||
Yes | 0.47 (0.24–0.92) | 0.026 | 1.70 (0.71–4.12) | 0.24 | 1.99 (0.70–5.68) | 0.20 | – | – |
Household sprayed with IRS | ||||||||
Never sprayed or do not know | Reference | – | – | Reference | – | – | ||
Ever sprayed | 0.61 (0.16–2.33) | 0.47 | – | – | 0.36 (0.08–1.54) | 0.17 | – | – |
Traditional house | ||||||||
No | Reference | – | – | Reference | Reference | |||
Yes | 1.36 (0.57–3.20) | 0.49 | – | – | 1.55 (0.48–5.06) | 0.46 | 0.13 (0.01–1.64) | 0.120 |
Forest exposures | ||||||||
Sleep in the forest | ||||||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Yes | 60.01 (17.34–207.8) | < 0.0001 | 21.66 (5.09–92.26) | < 0.0001 | 78.02 (22.68–268.4) | < 0.0001 | 16.78 (2.19–128.7) | 0.007 |
Second residence in forest | ||||||||
None or not in forest | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
In forest/fringe | 34.12 (15.61–74.53) | < 0.0001 | 6.29 (2.29–17.31) | < 0.0001 | 72.75 (20.86–253.7) | < 0.0001 | 13.53 (2.10–87.12) | 0.006 |
Frequency of monkey sightings | ||||||||
None | Reference | Reference | Reference | – | – | |||
Less than once a day | 3.31 (1.59–6.88) | 0.001 | 1.19 (0.45–3.14) | 0.72 | 1.40 (0.34–5.69) | 0.64 | – | – |
At least once a day | 8.49 (3.15–22.86) | < 0.0001 | 1.16 (0.32–4.15) | 0.81 | 2.70 (0.49–14.83) | 0.25 | – | – |
Family member with forest exposure | ||||||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Yes | 9.19 (2.84–29.75) | < 0.0001 | 4.16 (0.69–25.11) | 0.12 | 2.53 (0.60–10.62) | 0.21 | 0.31 (0.03–2.90) | 0.31 |