Sustainable malaria control: transdisciplinary approaches for translational applications

Table 2 Potential sustainability of transmission blocking strategies in malaria control, elimination and eradication programmes

	Subgroup	Advantages	Disadvantages	Sustainability
Prevention of mosquito bites	ITNs/LLINs[1, 10, 11]	Cheap and easy to implement	Only offers protection during sleeping time	Mosquitoes can still transmit malaria before sleeping time
	Repellents[27]	Effective in preventing bites	Short residual efficacy, strong smell, irritating to the skin	Does not reduce vector populations; mosquitoes will simply migrate to areas where repellents are not in use
	Attractants[28]	Safe for humans and environment, cheap	Chemicals that attract have not been fully isolated	Very promising technique
	House design[29]	Very effective and cheap	Closing up eaves increases indoor temperatures	Does not reduce vector populations, but worked well for Europe and North America
Killing of mosquitoes after they have bitten	IRS[1, 12]	Breaks transmission cycle	Too much reliance on DDT; dusting of sprayed insecticides a problem, labour-intensive	Residual efficacy limited to at most one season
	ITWL[30, 31]	Similar to IRS but eliminates dusting and short residual efficacy of insecticides	User acceptability may be a challenge	Emerging polymer technology will eliminate the need to spray chemicals
	IRS/ITWL with natural insecticides[32, 33]	Low mammalian toxicity	Short residual efficacy	Pyrethrin is the most effective insecticide