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Table 1 Summary of pharmacognosy studies

From: Malaria in South America: a drug discovery perspective

Compound

Authors

Plant with the lowest IC50

Type

IC50(P. falciparum strain)

1

Bravo et al.[34]

Bowdichia virgiloides

Extracts

1.0 μg/mL

Isolated substances

5 μg/mL (F32 and Indo)

-

Deharo et al.[35]

Bowdichia virgiloides

Extracts

1 μg/mL (F32)

2

da Silva Filho et al.[36]

Baccharis dracunculifolia

Extracts

13 μg/mL

Isolated substances

0.8 μg/mL (W2 e D6)

3

de Andrade-Neto et al.[37]

Picrolemma spruce

Isolated substances

0.002 μM (K1)

4

de Andrade-Neto et al.[38]

Holostylis reniformis

Isolated substances

0.20 μM (field isolate)

-

Kayano et al.[39]

Caesalpina pluviosa

Extracts

0.59 μg/mL (3D7)

5

Rocha e Silva et al.[40]

Piper peltatum

Isolated substances

0.05–2.11 μg/mL (M1)

5

Pinto et al.[41]

Pothomorphe peltata

Isolated substances

0.67 μM (K1)

-

Garavito et al.[42]

Remijia peruviana

Extracts

0.85 μg/mL (FcB2)

-

Debenedetti et al.[43]

Buddleja globosa

Extracts

8.9 μg/mL (K1)

-

Baelmans et al.[44]

Caesalpina pluviosa

Extracts

8 μg/mL (D2)

-

Flores et al.[45]

Caesalpina pluviosa

Extracts

3.4 μg/mL

Isolated substances

Inactive (F32)

-

Ibáñez-Calero et al.[46]

Rumex obtusifolius

Isolated substances

71 μg/mL i

-

Muñoz et al.[47]

Sparanttanthelium amazonum

Extracts

2 μg/mL (F32)

-

Muñoz et al.[48]

Swietenia macrophylla

Extracts

73% ii

-

Muñoz et al.[49]

Tripodanthus acutifolis

Extracts

98% iii

-

Costa et al.[50]

Montrichardia linifera

Extracts

11.7 μg/mL (W2)

-

da Silva Filho et al.[51]

Nectandra megapotamica

Extracts

28 μg/mL

Isolated substances

3.8 μg/mL (D6)

-

de Andrade-Neto et al.[52]

Bidens pilosa

Extracts

3.1 μg/mL (D6)

-

de Andrade-Neto et al.[53]

Remijia ferruginea

Extracts

48% iv

-

de Mesquita et al.[54]

Matayba guianensis

Isolated substances

2.5 μg/mL (FcB1)

-

Dolabela et al.[55]

Esenbeckia febrifuga

Extracts

15.5 μg/mL

Isolated substances

75.3 μg/mL (W2)

-

Estevam et al.[56]

Ouratea nitida

Extracts

51.04% v

-

Fischer et al.[57]

Xylopia emarginata

Extracts

3.3 μg/mL (PA)

-

Morais et al.[58]

Pentacalia desiderabilis

Isolated substances

7.82 μg/mL (K1)

-

Oliveira et al.[59]

Bidens pilosa

Extracts

38% vi

-

Sá et al.[60]

Physalis angulata

Isolated substances

2.2 μM (W2)

-

Uchôa et al.[61]

Cecropia pachystachya

Extracts

66% 4

Isolated substances

58% vii

-

Loyola et al.[62]

Azorella compacta

Isolated substances

60% viii

-

Pabón et al.[63]

Solanum nudum

Isolated substances

21 μM (FcB2)

-

Céline et al.[64]

Siparuna aspera

Extracts

6.4 μg/mL (FCR-3)

-

Ruiz et al.[65]

Minquartia guianensis

Extracts

4.2 μg/mL (FCR-3)

  1. i Inhibition of biocrystallization of ferriprotoporphyrin IX.
  2. ii Percentage of inhibition of parasite growing (dose: 250 mg/kg).
  3. iii Percentage of inhibition of parasite growing (at 10 μg/mL).
  4. iv Reduction of parasitaemia (dose: 1000 mg/kg).
  5. v Activity tested against Plasmodium berghei in mice (dose: 1000 mg/kg).
  6. vi Reduction of parasitaemia at day 5 (dose: 250 mg/kg).
  7. vii Percentage inhibition of parasitaemia in relation to untreated infected mice on day 8 after malaria infection (doses: 250 and 15 mg/kg respectively).
  8. viii Activity in mice measured by the growth of inhibition (dose: 10 mg/kg/day).