- Research
- Open Access
Analysis of the trend of malaria prevalence in Ataye, North Shoa, Ethiopia between 2013 and 2017
- Daniel Getacher Feleke1Email author,
- Daniel Gebretsadik1 and
- Angesom Gebreweld1
- Received: 10 July 2018
- Accepted: 31 August 2018
- Published: 5 September 2018
Abstract
Background
Malaria is one of the major public health problems worldwide. In Ethiopia, there is a significant decline in disease burden; however, the overall trend of malaria prevalence is not studied or well-documented in different localities. Hence, the initiation of this study was to analyse the 5-year trends of malaria prevalence in Ataye, North Shoa, Ethiopia.
Methods
A retrospective laboratory record review was conducted in Ataye Hospital, North-Shoa, Ethiopia. Malaria data reported from 2013 to 2017 were carefully reviewed from January to March 2018.
Results
A total of 31,810 blood films were prepared and examined from malaria-suspected patients at Ataye District Hospital from 2013 to 2017. Of the examined blood films, 2670 (8.4%) were microscopically confirmed malaria cases. The trend of malaria prevalence in the present study seems non- fluctuating. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax accounted for 2087 (78.2%) and 557 (20.9%) cases, respectively. From total positive cases, 1.0% of cases were mixed P. falciparum/P. vivax infections, and that no Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale infections were found by malaria microscopists. Malaria cases were higher in males 1584 (5.0%) than females 1086 (3.4%). With regard to age groups, higher numbers of malaria cases were observed in age group 15–45 years old. Malaria cases were high in spring (September to December), which is a peak malaria transmission period in Ethiopia.
Conclusion
Malaria is still among the major public health problems in the country. P. falciparum is the dominant species in the study area followed by P. vivax. Enhancing malaria detection and speciation skill of laboratory personnel and scaling up malaria control and prevention activities are very crucial to significantly reduce the burden of malaria in the study area.
Keywords
- Malaria
- Prevalence
- Ethiopia
Background
Malaria is one of the major public health problems worldwide and it causes significant mortality and morbidity in the least developed areas of tropical Africa, Asia and Latin America [1]. In 2016, there were an estimated 216 million malaria cases worldwide, 90% of those cases were in African region followed by South-East Asia Region (7%) and Eastern Mediterranean Region (2%) [2].
In Ethiopia, 75% of the areas are malarious and an estimated 68% of the population lives in these areas [3–5]. Malaria transmission exhibits a seasonal and unstable pattern in Ethiopia, with transmission varying with altitude and rainfall [6]. The peak malaria transmission season in the country is from September to December, following the main rainy season from June/July to September. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the most dominant Plasmodium species in Ethiopia [5, 7].
Ethiopia guided its malaria prevention and control activities using the national strategic plan to reduce the burden of malaria significantly. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment, selective vector control that involves use of indoor residual spraying (IRS), insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) and environmental management are the four major intervention strategies that are being applied in Ethiopia [8].
In Ethiopia, there is a significant decline in disease burden; however, the overall trend of malaria prevalence is not studied or well-documented in different localities. Malaria prevention and control activities are intensified in Ethiopia by Ministry of Health, NGOs working on malaria and other stakeholders. Therefore, estimating malaria incidence and time trends is very important for the expansion of intervention strategies or to design new ones to tackle the disease since this information has significant input for combating malaria. Ataye is one of the hot areas in Ethiopia and it is malarious area. Ataye town has governmental (one health centre and one hospital) and non-governmental health facilities. Hence, the initiation of this study was to analyse the 5-year trends of malaria prevalence in Ataye, North Shoa, Ethiopia.
Methods
Study area
Ataye is a populated place in Amhara Regional State. It is located at an elevation of 1468 metres above sea level. Ataye district is one of the 22 districts found in Northern Shoa around 280 km away from the capital of Ethiopia, comprising a total population of 125,914 [9]. Ataye is one of the hot areas in Ethiopia and commonly affected by Plasmodium species and intestinal parasites. The town has governmental (one health centre and one hospital) and non-governmental health facilities. The health centre was the only governmental health facility that gives service for the patients in the town. By considering the patient flow and variety of cases the District Hospital was founded in January 2013 besides the health centre. This retrospective study was conducted at Ataye District Hospital from January to March 2018.
Study design
This retrospective laboratory record review study carried out to determine 5-year (2013–2017) malaria cases.
Data collection and data analysis
Five-year malaria data (from January, 2013 to December, 2017) was collected from Ataye hospital laboratory record books from January to March 2018. The hospital was established in 2013 and microscopy was the only and the golden standard diagnostic method for the detection and species identification of Plasmodium parasites. The study hospital strictly follows the standard operating procedures (SOPs) in all phases of the quality control. In Ethiopia, all hospitals and health centres follow a standard operating procedure (SOP) for capillary blood sample collection, smear preparation, staining and blood film examination for malaria parasite detection throughout the country. In the study hospital, thin smears were considered positive for malaria if one or more malarial parasites were seen; and, negative if no asexual form of Plasmodium was observed in 200 high-power fields. On the other hand, thick blood films were taken as positive if one or more malaria parasites have been observed; and, negative if no parasites were seen after examining 1000 white blood cells [10].
When Ataye hospital becomes functional in 2013, it was well equipped and fulfilled with skilled health service providers. The laboratory was also well equipped and had well trained laboratory personnel. For all these reasons, there is a comprehensive and consistent malaria data in the hospital laboratory record books. However, there were some incomplete registrations and those data were excluded. In this record review 7 data were excluded due to incompleteness of factors such as age and sex. All of the laboratory personel in the study hospital had more than 3 years experience in malaria microscopy; they had also additional training on malaria microscopy at least once in their career. Any patients found to be infected with P. falciparum were treated with Coartem®, and patients infected with P. vivax were treated with chloroquine according to national malaria treatment guidelines.
Data were first entered into Excel and then imported into SPSS version 20 (SPSSINC, Chicago, II, USA). To compare the trend of malaria prevalence in male and female and also between age groups Chi square test was used. In all comparisons, P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results
Malaria case distribution in Ataye hospital from 2013 to 2017
Year | Total no. of blood films examined | Total number of cases n (%) | Plasmodium falciparum n (%) | Plasmodium vivax n (%) | Mixed (Pf + Pv) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 4853 | 384 (7.9) | 292 (76.0) | 88 (22.9) | 4 (1.0) |
2014 | 6023 | 425 (7.1) | 338 (79.5) | 82 (19.3) | 5 (1.2) |
2015 | 6682 | 640 (9.6) | 570 (89.1) | 61 (9.5) | 9 (1.4) |
2016 | 8066 | 863 (10.7) | 710 (82.3) | 147 (17.0) | 6 (0.7) |
2017 | 6186 | 358 (5.8) | 177 (49.4) | 179 (50.0) | 2 (0.6) |
Total | 31,810 | 2670 | 2087 (78.2) | 557 (20.9) | 26 (1.0) |
Five years period malaria trends by age at Ataye District Hospital, Ataye, Ethiopia from January, 2013 to December, 2017
Five years period malaria trends by sex at Ataye District Hospital, Ataye, Ethiopia from January, 2013 to December, 2017
Five years period malaria trends by month at Ataye District Hospital, Ataye, Ethiopia from January, 2013 to December, 2017
Five years period Plasmodium falciparum trends by month at Ataye District Hospital, Ataye, Ethiopia from January, 2013 to December, 2017
Five years period Plasmodium vivax trends by month at Ataye District Hospital, Ataye, Ethiopia from January, 2013 to December, 2017
Discussion
In Ethiopia, 75% of the areas are malarious and an estimated 68% of the population lives in these areas [3–5]. The peak malaria transmission season in the country is from September to December, following the main rainy season from June/July to September. Although the malaria prevalence was not studied before, Ataye town is one of the malarious areas in Amhara region. In the present study microscopically confirmed cases were 2670 (8.4%) in Ataye hospital from 2013 to 2017. The minimum and maximum number of cases was recorded in 2013 and 2017, respectively. In this study, the confirmed malaria cases was higher than reported from other similar retrospective studies conducted in Bahirdar city 740 (5.0%) and Kombolcha town (2066, 7.52%), Ethiopia [3, 11]. However, the observed number of malaria cases was lower than reported [12, 13]. The observed variation might be due to difference in climate, altitude variation, laboratory personel skill in malaria parasite detection and community awareness about malaria transmission and control. In the study area, P. falciparum was the dominant Plasmodium species which accounted for 2087 (78.2%) of the reported cases in 5 years. This was slightly higher than a result reported from a retrospective study reported in Kola Diba health centre (75%) [13].
Malaria prevalence trend in the present study seems non-fluctuating as microscopically confirmed cases showed a steady increase from 2013 to 2016 for 4 consecutive years. However, the number of malaria cases was decreased in 2017. This was not in agreement with similar retrospective studies in Ethiopia [3, 11, 13]. With the exception of the year 2017 when the number of recorded P. vivax cases was higher 179/358 (50.0%) than P. falciparum cases, in other reviewed years P. falciparum cases dominated. This was more or less in agreement with previous studies [3, 11, 13]. This showed the life-threatening Plasmodium species; P. falciparum is the dominant species in the study area and other parts of the country. The finding was also in line with Ethiopian Ministry of Health report [5].
The maximum number of malaria cases in 2016 might be due to in consistent implementation of malaria prevention and control strategies in the study area. Compared to other reviewed years, the number of malaria-suspected patients and microscopically confirmed was the peak in this year which seems epidemic. The radical decrease of cases in 2017 might show there were collective action of stakeholder on awareness creation, budget increment and implementation of malaria prevention and control strategies.
In the present study, Plasmodium species infections were higher in males than females. Since the study area is a rural town main agriculture is the main livelihood. Therefore, due to the fact that males are mainly engaged in agricultural activities and other large projects. They may spend the night outside with their properties and agricultural products. This can make them easily exposed to malaria vector.
Malaria cases were high in age group 15–45 years old and the distribution of mixed infection was almost similar in all age groups. This might be due to the fact that these age groups are active and productive forces they involved in agricultural and other activities which need to travel exposing places and spending the night while keeping their products. This was in agreement with reports from Kola Diba and Kombolcha [3, 13].
Among the factors that affect malaria transmission, seasonal variation has direct role. In the present study, malaria cases were increased from September to December. This period is considered as the major malaria transmission period in Ethiopia after the heavy rain in July and August. Similarly, there was an increment of malaria cases from May to July.
Conclusions
Malaria is still among the major public health problems in the country. Plasmodium falciparum is the dominant species in the study area followed by P. vivax. Enhancing malaria detection and speciation skill of laboratory personnel and scaling up other malaria control and prevention activities are very crucial to significantly reduce the burden of malaria in the study area.
Declarations
Authors’ contributions
DGF, DG and AG involved in proposal writing, designed the study and participated in all implementation stages of the project. DGF and DG also analyzed the data and finalized the write up of the manuscript. DGF, DG and AG were responsible for critically revising the proposal and the manuscript. All authors reviewed the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge Wollo University Medical Laboratory Science department staffs and Ataye Hospital department head and other staffs for their cooperation. We would also like to thank all our colleagues for their cooperation for the accomplishment of this study.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the manuscript.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional review board of Wollo University, College of Medicines and Health Sciences. Permission letter to conduct this study was also obtained Ataye Hospital.
Funding
This study was fully funded by Authors.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Authors’ Affiliations
References
- Cheesbrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2009. p. 462.Google Scholar
- World Health Organization. World malaria report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Gebretsadik D, Feleke DG, Fiseha M. Eight-year trend analysis of malaria prevalence in Kombolcha, South Wollo, north-central Ethiopia: a retrospective study. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:55.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Karunamoorthi K, Bekele M. Prevalence of malaria from peripheral blood smears examination: a 1-year retrospective study from the Serbo Health Center, Kersa Woreda, Ethiopia. J Infect Public Health. 2009;2:171–6.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- EPHI. Ethiopia national malaria indicator survey 2015. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Public Health Institute; 2016.Google Scholar
- Alemu A, Abebe G, Tsegaye W, Golassa L. Climatic variables and malaria transmission dynamics in Jimma town, South West Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:30.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Woyessa A, Deressa W, Ali A, Lindtjørn B. Prevalence of malaria infection in Butajira area, south-central Ethiopia. Malar J. 2012;11:84.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Adefioye O, Adeyeba O, Hassan W, Oyeniran O. Prevalence of malaria parasite infection among pregnant women in Osogbo, Southwest, Nigeria. Am Eurasian J Sci Res. 2007;2:43–5.Google Scholar
- Ataye Distric Health Office (ADHO). District evidence plan. Ataye Distric Health Office: Ataye; 2014.Google Scholar
- Moges B, Amare B, Belyhun Y, Tekeste Z, Gizachew M, Workineh M, et al. Comparison of CareStart™ HRP2/pLDH COMBO rapid malaria test with light microscopy in north-west Ethiopia. Malar J. 2012;11:234.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Yimer M, Hailu T, Mulu W, Abera B, Ayalew W. A 5 year trend analysis of malaria prevalence with in the catchment areas of Felegehiwot referral Hospital, Bahir Dar city, northwest-Ethiopia: a retrospective study. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:239.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Hailemariam M, Gebre S. Trend analysis of malaria prevalence in Arsi Negelle health center, southern Ethiopia. J Infect Dis Immun. 2015;7:1–6.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Alemu A, Muluye D, Mihret M, Adugna M, Gebeyaw M. Ten year trend analysis of malaria prevalence in Kola Diba, North Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:173.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
Comments
By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Please note that comments may be removed without notice if they are flagged by another user or do not comply with our community guidelines.