Fig. 2

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) interfere with T cell activation and prevent co-stimulatory signals and cytokines release. They inhibit lysosomes, prevent membrane fusion and antigen presentation rendering T cell inactivated. They also inhibit the virus binding to ACE2 receptors and prevent viral entry to the cell. TLRs toll-like receptors, MHC major histocompatibility complex, cGAS cyclic GMP-AMP synthase