Table 1 Characteristics of children and their households, aggregated and stratified by Plasmodium infection in eight Districts of Malawi, 2007
From: An urban-to-rural continuum of malaria risk: new analytic approaches characterize patterns in Malawi
Total Sampled | Plasmodium Negative | Plasmodium Positive | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 4684 | N = 3718 | N = 966 | OR [95% CI] | |
Slept under ITN (fraction) | 0.57 (0.50) | 0.60 (0.49) | 0.47 (0.50) | 0.59 [0.52;0.69] |
Age (months) | 17.1 (6.86) | 16.9 (6.83) | 18.0 (6.90) | 1.02 [1.01;1.04] |
Male (fraction) | 0.50 (0.50) | 0.50 (0.50) | 0.52 (0.50) | 1.09 [0.94;1.25] |
Wealth quintile | ||||
Ultra poor | 1142 (24.4%) | 810 (21.8%) | 332 (34.4%) | Ref |
Very poor | 1104 (23.6%) | 858 (23.1%) | 246 (25.5%) | 0.70 [0.58;0.85] |
Poor | 954 (20.4%) | 776 (20.9%) | 178 (18.4%) | 0.56 [0.45;0.69] |
Less poor | 828 (17.7%) | 719 (19.3%) | 109 (11.3%) | 0.37 [0.29;0.47] |
Least poor | 656 (14.0%) | 555 (14.9%) | 101 (10.5%) | 0.44 [0.35;0.57] |
Water source | ||||
Borehole | 2677 (57.2%) | 2088 (56.2%) | 589 (61.0%) | Ref |
Piped into Yard | 596 (12.7%) | 504 (13.6%) | 92 (9.52%) | 0.65 [0.51;0.82] |
Public Faucet | 527 (11.3%) | 484 (13.0%) | 43 (4.45%) | 0.32 [0.23;0.43] |
Traditional public well | 388 (8.28%) | 245 (6.59%) | 143 (14.8%) | 2.07 [1.65;2.59] |
Piped | 281 (6.00%) | 224 (6.02%) | 57 (5.90%) | 0.90 [0.66;1.22] |
River/Lake/Canal | 215 (4.59%) | 173 (4.65%) | 42 (4.35%) | 0.86 [0.60;1.21] |
Toilet type | ||||
Pit latrine | 3591 (76.7%) | 2951 (79.4%) | 640 (66.3%) | Ref |
Other toilet | 928 (19.8%) | 667 (17.9%) | 261 (27.0%) | 1.80 [1.53;2.13] |
Flush toilet | 117 (2.50%) | 72 (1.94%) | 45 (4.66%) | 2.88 [1.95;4.21] |
Bush toilet | 32 (0.68%) | 15 (0.40%) | 17 (1.76%) | 5.22 [2.57;10.7] |
Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP) | 16 (0.34%) | 13 (0.35%) | 3 (0.31%) | 1.11 [0.24;3.49] |
Roof material | ||||
Grass | 3386 (72.3%) | 2588 (69.6%) | 798 (82.6%) | Ref |
Tin | 1298 (27.7%) | 1130 (30.4%) | 168 (17.4%) | 0.48 [0.40;0.58] |
Floor material | ||||
Dirt | 3671 (78.4%) | 2855 (76.8%) | 816 (84.5%) | Ref |
Cement | 1013 (21.6%) | 863 (23.2%) | 150 (15.5%) | 0.61 [0.50;0.73] |
Elevation | 788 (274) | 800 (273) | 706 (267) | 1.00 [1.00,1.00] |
Population | 1.53 (4.31) | 1.64 (4.59) | 1.12 (3.01) | 0.96 [0.94;0.99] |
Distance to nearest | ||||
Health facility | 4.08 (3.16) | 3.81 (2.90) | 5.11 (3.84) | 1.13 [1.11;1.15] |
Road (km) | 2.69 (3.41) | 2.70 (3.53) | 2.63 (2.91) | 0.99 [0.97;1.02] |
Lake (km) | 24.7 (20.5) | 27.7 (20.5) | 13.1 (15.5) | 0.96 [0.95;0.96] |
River (km) | 2.32 (2.09) | 2.32 (2.11) | 2.31 (2.03) | 1.00 [0.96;1.03] |
Urban or rural | ||||
Rural | 4249 (90.7%) | 3346 (90.0%) | 903 (93.5%) | Ref |
Urban | 435 (9.29%) | 372 (10.0%) | 63 (6.52%) | 0.63 [0.47;0.82] |