WHO. World Malaria Report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2018/en/.
WHO. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. 3rd edn. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241500470/en/.
WHO. Status report on artemisinin resistance and artemisinin-based combination therapy efficacy (August 2018). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/artemisinin-resistance-august2018/en/.
Takala-Harrison S, Jacob CG, Arze C, Cummings MP, Silva JC, Dondorp AM, et al. Independent emergence of artemisinin resistance mutations among Plasmodium falciparum in southeast Asia. J Infect Dis. 2015;211:670–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ashley EA, Dhorda M, Fairhurst RM, Amaratunga C, Lim P, Suon S, et al. Tracking resistance to artemisinin collaboration (T.R.A.C) spread of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:411–23.
Article
Google Scholar
Tun KM, Imwong M, Lwin KM, Win AA, Hlaing TM, Hlaing T, et al. Spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Myanmar: a cross-sectional survey of the K13 molecular marker. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:415–21.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Thanh NV, Thuy-Nhien N, Tuyen NT, Tong NT, Nha-Ca NT, Dong LT, et al. Rapid decline in the susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine in the south of Vietnam. Malar J. 2017;16:27.
Article
Google Scholar
Phuc BQ, Rasmussen C, Duong TT, Dong LT, Loi MA, Ménard D, et al. Treatment failure of dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine for Plasmodium falciparum Malaria, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:715–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ariey F, Witkowski B, Amaratunga C, Beghain J, Langlois AC, Khim N, et al. A molecular marker of artemisinin resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature. 2014;505:50–5.
Article
Google Scholar
Witkowski B, Duru V, Khim N, Ross LS, Saintpierre B, Beghain J, et al. A surrogate marker of piperaquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a phenotype-genotype association study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:174.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Spring MD, Lin JT, Manning JE, Vanachayangkul P, Somethy S, Bun R, et al. Dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine failure associated with a triple mutant including kelch13 C580Y in Cambodia: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:683–91.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Leang R, Taylor WR, Bouth DM, Song L, Tarning J, Char MC, et al. Evidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria multidrug resistance to artemisinin and piperaquine in Western Cambodia: dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine open-label multicenter clinical assessment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:4719–26.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Amaratunga C, Lim P, Suon S, Sreng S, Mao S, Sopha C, et al. Dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia: a multisite prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:357–65.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Menard D, Khim N, Beghain J, Adegnika AA, Shafiul-Alam M, Amodu O, et al. A worldwide map of Plasmodium falciparum K13-propeller polymorphisms. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:2453–64.
Article
Google Scholar
Lu F, Culleton R, Zhang M, Ramaprasad A, von Seidlein L, Zhou H, et al. Emergence of indigenous artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Africa. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:991–3.
Article
Google Scholar
WHO. Global report on antimalarial drug efficacy and drug resistance: 2000–2010. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241500470/en/.
WHO. Methods for surveillance of antimalarial drug efficacy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241597531/en/.
Warsame M, Hassan AM, Barrette A, Jibril AM, Elmi HH, Arale AM, et al. Treatment of uncomplicated malaria with artesunate plus sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine is failing in Somalia: evidence from therapeutic efficacy studies and Pfdhfr and Pfdhps mutant alleles. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20:510–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Warsame M, Hassan AH, Hassan AM, Arale AM, Jibril AM, Mohamud SA, et al. Efficacy of artesunate + sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine and artemether + lumefantrine and dhfr and dhps mutations in Somalia: evidence for updating the malaria treatment policy. Trop Med Int Health. 2017;22:415–22.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Warsame M, Perlmann H, Ali S, Hagi H, Farah S, Lebbad M, Björkman A. The seroreactivity against Pf155 (RESA) antigen in villagers from a mesoendemic area in Somalia. Trop Med Parasitol. 1989;40:412–4.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Noor AM, Moloney G, Borle M, Fegan GW, Shewchuk T, Snow RW. The use of mosquito nets and the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in rural South Central Somalia. PLoS One. 2008;3:e2081.
Article
Google Scholar
Canier L, Khim N, Kim S, Sluydts V, Heng S, Dourng D, et al. An innovative tool for moving malaria PCR detection of parasite reservoir into the field. Malar J. 2013;12:405.
Article
Google Scholar
WHO. Methods and techniques for clinical trials on antimalarial drug efficacy: genotyping to identify parasite populations. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43824/1/9789241596305_eng.pdf.
Bayih AG, Getnet G, Alemu A, Getie S, Mohon AN, Pillai DR. A unique Plasmodium falciparum K13 gene mutation in Northeast Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94:132–5.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ogutu BR, Onyango KO, Koskei N, Omondi EK, Ongecha JM, Otieno GA, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemether–lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenyan children aged less than five years: results of an open-label, randomized, single-centre study. Malar J. 2014;13:33.
Article
Google Scholar
Paczkowski M, Mwandama D, Marthey D, Luka M, Makuta G, Sande J, et al. In vivo efficacy of artemether–lumefantrine and artesunate–amodiaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Malawi, 2014. Malar J. 2016;15:236.
Article
Google Scholar
Sow D, Ndiaye JL, Sylla K, Ba MS, Tine RCK, Faye B, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of three 2-drug combinations for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Senegal: artesunate–amodiaquine, dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine, and artemether lumefantrine. Med Sante Trop. 2016;26:45–50.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Wit M, Funk AL, Moussally K, Nkuba DA, Siddiqui R, Bil K, et al. In vivo efficacy of artesunate–amodiaquine and artemether–lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria: an open-randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J. 2016;15:455.
Article
Google Scholar
Ogouyèmi-Hounto A, Azandossessi C, Lawani S, Damien G, de Tove YS, Remoue F, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of artemether–lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in northwest Benin. Malar J. 2016;15:37.
Article
Google Scholar
Ursing J, Rombo L, Rodrigues A, Kofoed PE. Artemether–lumefantrine versus dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children aged less than 15 years in Guinea-Bissau—an open-label non-inferiority randomised clinical trial. PLoS One. 2016;1:e0161495.
Article
Google Scholar
Salvador C, Rafael B, Matsinhe F, Candrinho B, Muthemba R, De Carvalho E, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemether–lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria at sentinel sites in Mozambique, 2015. Acta Trop. 2017;171:146–50.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Konaté A, Barro-Kiki PCM, Angora KE, Bédia-Tanoh AV, Djohan V, Kassi KF, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of artesunate-amodiaquine versus artemether–lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria at two sentinel sites across Côte d’Ivoire. Ann Parasitol. 2018;64:49–57.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roth JM, Sawa P, Makio N, Omweri G, Osoti V, Okach S, et al. Pyronaridine–artesunate and artemether–lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenyan children: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Malar J. 2018;15(17):199.
Article
Google Scholar
Smith SJ, Kamara ARY, Sahr F, Samai M, Swaray AS, Menard D, et al. Efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapies and prevalence of molecular markers associated with artemisinin, piperaquine and sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine resistance in Sierra Leone. Acta Trop. 2018;185:363–70.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Dama S, Niangaly H, Djimde M, Sagara I, Guindo CO, Zeguime A, Dara A, et al. A randomized trial of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine versus artemether–lumefantrine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mali. Malar J. 2018;17:347.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mandara CI, Kavishe RA, Gesase S, Mghamba J, Ngadaya E, Mmbuji P, et al. High efficacy of artemether–lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Muheza and Kigoma Districts, Tanzania. Malar J. 2018;17:261.
Article
Google Scholar
Davlantes E, Dimbu PR, Ferreira CM, Florinda Joao M, Pode D, Félix J, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemether–lumefantrine, artesunate–amodiaquine, and dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in three provinces in Angola, 2017. Malar J. 2018;17:144.
Article
Google Scholar
Ayalew MB. Therapeutic efficacy of artemether–lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017;6:157.
Article
Google Scholar
Yeka A, Wallender E, Mulebeke R, Kibuuka A, Kigozi R, Bosco A, et al. Comparative efficacy of artemether–lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Ugandan children. J Infect Dis. 2019;219:1112–20.
Article
Google Scholar
Ebenebe JC, Ntadom G, Ambe J, Wammanda R, Jiya N, Finomo F, et al. Efficacy of artemisinin-based combination treatments of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in under-five-year-old Nigerian children ten years following adoption as first-line antimalarials. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99:649–64.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kakolwa MA, Mahende MK, Ishengoma DS, Mandara CI, Ngasala B, Kamugisha E, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based combination therapy, and molecular markers for artemisinin and piperaquine resistance in Mainland Tanzania. Malar J. 2018;17:369.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mandara CI, Francis F, Chiduo MG, Ngasala B, Mandike R, Mkude S, et al. High cure rates and tolerability of artesunate-amodiaquine and dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kibaha and Kigoma, Tanzania. Malar J. 2019;18:99.
Article
Google Scholar
Janssens B, van Herp M, Goubert L, Chan S, Uong S, Nong S, et al. A randomized open study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Cambodia. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:251–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Song J, Socheat D, Tan B, Seila S, Xu Y, Ou F, et al. Randomized trials of artemisinin–piperaquine, dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine phosphate and artemether–lumefantrine for the treatment of multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria in Cambodia–Thailand border area. Malar J. 2011;10:231.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Amato R, Lim P, Miotto O, Amaratunga C, Dek D, Pearson RD, et al. Genetic markers associated with dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine failure in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia: a genotype–phenotype association study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:164–73.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Denis MB, Tsuyuoka R, Poravuth Y, Narann TS, Seila S, Lim C, et al. Surveillance of the efficacy of artesunate and mefloquine combination for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Cambodia. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11:1360–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Leang R, Barrette A, Bouth DM, Menard D, Abdur R, Duong S, et al. Efficacy of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in Cambodia, 2008 to 2010. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:818–26.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Imwong M, Hien TT, Thuy-Nhien NT, Dondorp AM, White NJ. Spread of a single multidrug resistant malaria parasite lineage (PfPailin) to Vietnam. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:1022–3.
Article
Google Scholar
Mens PF, Sawa P, van Amsterdam SM, Versteeg I, Omar SA, Schallig HD, et al. A randomized trial to monitor the efficacy and effectiveness by QT-NASBA of artemether–lumefantrine versus dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine for treatment and transmission control of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in western Kenya. Malar J. 2008;7:237.
Article
Google Scholar
Zwang J, Ashley EA, Karema C, D’Alessandro U, Smithuis F, Dorsey G, et al. Safety and efficacy of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine in falciparum malaria: a prospective multi-centre individual patient data analysis. PLoS One. 2009;4:e6358.
Article
Google Scholar
Smithuis F, Kyaw MK, Phe O, Win T, Aung PP, Oo AP, et al. Effectiveness of five artemisinin combination regimens with or without primaquine in uncomplicated falciparum malaria: an open-label randomised trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:673–81.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kakuru A, Jagannathan P, Arinaitwe E, Wanzira H, Muhindo M, Bigira V, et al. The effects of ACT treatment and TS prophylaxis on Plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia in a cohort of young Ugandan children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88:736–43.
Article
Google Scholar
Sawa P, Shekalaghe SA, Drakeley CJ, Sutherland CJ, Mweresa CK, Baidjoe AY, et al. Malaria transmission after artemether–lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine: a randomized trial. J Infect Dis. 2013;207:1637–45.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
WWARN Gametocyte Study Group. Gametocyte carriage in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria following treatment with artemisinin combination therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. BMC Med. 2016;14:79.
Article
Google Scholar